4 Cattle Dung Manure Microbiota as a Substitute …
79
bronchitis (https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/cow-dung-smoke-could-cause-ars
enic-poisoning–4002). Hence, its proper management is yet to be done to mitigate these pollutants to shield the environment from obnoxious gases. Air pollution
(methane, CO 2 , etc.) also contributes to greenhouse gases (GHGs) leading to climate
change (Ramanathan and Feng 2009).
Various workers reported management strategies to reduce the wastage of animal
dung and minimize soil toxicity (Li et al. 2016a). The proper utilization of livestock waste into biogas (Afazeli et al. 2014), compost formation (Bernal et al. 2009),
and vermicomposting (Garg et al. 2005) assisted to accomplish an increase in crop
yield and sustainability (Chadwick et al. 2015). Likewise, utilization of them in
terms of organic fertilizers provides an opportunity for the agricultural sector for
organic farming thus, lessen their reliance on chemical fertilizer (Bandyopadhyay
et al. 2010). Dung is a mixture of many mineral nutrients found to contain crude fiber,
crude protein, cellulose, hemicellulose, and 24 types of minerals such as nitrogen,
potassium, along with trace amount of sulfur, iron, magnesium, copper, cobalt,
manganese, etc. Generally, dung contains approximately 80% water and matrix of
undigested plant material, rich in nutrients, microorganisms, and their by-products.
Whereas, indigenous Indian cow comprises a higher sum of calcium, phosphorus,
zinc, and copper than the other minerals (Garg and Mudgal 2007; Randhawa and
Kullar 2011). Therefore, the nutrient management of dung is essential to enhance
agronomic productivity (Gholamhoseini et al. 2013). Animals play an important role
in energy generation processes such as by converting plant energy into useful work,
e.g. dung used for fuel through dung cakes and biogas to replace for soil fuel, i.e.
charcoal, fuelwood, firewood, etc. (Raj et al. 2014). Available literature revealed that
dung acts as a disinfectant for the home in a rural area and now available in the form
of wood used for fuel purposes.
4.2 Microbiology of Dung
Although, animal dung has been extensively exploited for its use as organic agricultural fertilizers, as well as alternative fuel/biogas due to high methane content
(Abdulkareem 2005). But research on the microbial diversity and other potential
applications of cattle dung (Gattinger et al. 2007) is yet to be established (Yokoyama
et al. 2007; Dhiman et al. 2019). Microbial flora of dung includes both aerobic
and anaerobic microorganisms including an abundant number of bacilli, lactobacilli,
cocci, and some identified and unidentified fungi and yeasts (Muhammad and Amusa
2003; Vijayaraghavan et al. 2006; Swain et al. 2012).
Various bacterial genera viz., Citrobacter koseri, Enterobacter aerogenes,
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Kluyvera spp,
Morgarella morganii, Pasteurella spp, Providencia alcaligenes, Providencia stuartii,
and Pseudomonas spp. have been reported from cow dung (Sawant et al. 2007).
In addition, the lower part of animal gut includes Lactobacillus plantarum,
Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus
79
bronchitis (https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/cow-dung-smoke-could-cause-ars
enic-poisoning–4002). Hence, its proper management is yet to be done to mitigate these pollutants to shield the environment from obnoxious gases. Air pollution
(methane, CO 2 , etc.) also contributes to greenhouse gases (GHGs) leading to climate
change (Ramanathan and Feng 2009).
Various workers reported management strategies to reduce the wastage of animal
dung and minimize soil toxicity (Li et al. 2016a). The proper utilization of livestock waste into biogas (Afazeli et al. 2014), compost formation (Bernal et al. 2009),
and vermicomposting (Garg et al. 2005) assisted to accomplish an increase in crop
yield and sustainability (Chadwick et al. 2015). Likewise, utilization of them in
terms of organic fertilizers provides an opportunity for the agricultural sector for
organic farming thus, lessen their reliance on chemical fertilizer (Bandyopadhyay
et al. 2010). Dung is a mixture of many mineral nutrients found to contain crude fiber,
crude protein, cellulose, hemicellulose, and 24 types of minerals such as nitrogen,
potassium, along with trace amount of sulfur, iron, magnesium, copper, cobalt,
manganese, etc. Generally, dung contains approximately 80% water and matrix of
undigested plant material, rich in nutrients, microorganisms, and their by-products.
Whereas, indigenous Indian cow comprises a higher sum of calcium, phosphorus,
zinc, and copper than the other minerals (Garg and Mudgal 2007; Randhawa and
Kullar 2011). Therefore, the nutrient management of dung is essential to enhance
agronomic productivity (Gholamhoseini et al. 2013). Animals play an important role
in energy generation processes such as by converting plant energy into useful work,
e.g. dung used for fuel through dung cakes and biogas to replace for soil fuel, i.e.
charcoal, fuelwood, firewood, etc. (Raj et al. 2014). Available literature revealed that
dung acts as a disinfectant for the home in a rural area and now available in the form
of wood used for fuel purposes.
4.2 Microbiology of Dung
Although, animal dung has been extensively exploited for its use as organic agricultural fertilizers, as well as alternative fuel/biogas due to high methane content
(Abdulkareem 2005). But research on the microbial diversity and other potential
applications of cattle dung (Gattinger et al. 2007) is yet to be established (Yokoyama
et al. 2007; Dhiman et al. 2019). Microbial flora of dung includes both aerobic
and anaerobic microorganisms including an abundant number of bacilli, lactobacilli,
cocci, and some identified and unidentified fungi and yeasts (Muhammad and Amusa
2003; Vijayaraghavan et al. 2006; Swain et al. 2012).
Various bacterial genera viz., Citrobacter koseri, Enterobacter aerogenes,
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Kluyvera spp,
Morgarella morganii, Pasteurella spp, Providencia alcaligenes, Providencia stuartii,
and Pseudomonas spp. have been reported from cow dung (Sawant et al. 2007).
In addition, the lower part of animal gut includes Lactobacillus plantarum,
Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus