146
A. Ghasemnezhad et al.
etc. (Mujumdar et al. 2014; Kim et al. 2020). Pyrrolnitrin is also an important antimicrobial agent for plant protection (Dheeman et al. 2017). The mode of action of pyrrolnitrin is not clear, but interference in fungal plasma membranes has been demonstrated. Four genes in chromosomal DNA (6.2-kb region) are responsible for pyrrolnitrin production in Pseudomonas fluorescens, while plasmid-encoded genes are
responsible in Acinetobacter haemolyticus A19 (Kim et al. 2020). Endophytic bacterial strain, EML-CAP3 isolated from Capsicum Annum L. (red pepper) leaf, showed
potent antiangiogenic activity. This endophytic bacterial strain produced lipophilic
peptides which inhibited the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells
and also exhibited antiangiogenic potential in tumor progression (Jung et al. 2015).
In general, endophytes have many unsolved mysteries, each of which can add to
human knowledge and make it easier for human beings to deal with anomalies in
various fields.
References
Abdalla MA, Matasyoh JC (2014) Endophytes as producers of peptides: an overview about the
recently discovered peptides from endophytic microbes. Nat Prod Bioprospect 4(5):257–270.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13659-014-0038-y
Abdel-Azeem AM, Abdel-Azeem MA, Khalil WF (2019) Endophytic fungi as a new source of
antirheumatoid metabolites. In: Bioactive food as dietary interventions for arthritis and related
inflammatory diseases, pp 355–384
Abdel-Azeem AM, Zaki SM, Khalil WF, Makhlouf NA, Farghaly LM (2016) Anti-rheumatoid
activity of secondary metabolites produced by endophytic Chaetomium globosum. Front
Microbiol 7:1477
Aboobaker Z, Viljoen A, Chen W, Crous PW, Maharaj VJ, van Vuuren S (2019) Endophytic fungi
isolated from Pelargonium sidoides DC: antimicrobial interaction and isolation of a bioactive
compound. South Afr J Bot 122:535–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.01.011
Afridi MS, Mahmood T, Salam A et al (2019) Induction of tolerance to salinity in wheat genotypes
by plant growth promoting endophytes: involvement of ACC deaminase and antioxidant enzymes.
Plant Physiol Biochem 139:569–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.041
Ahmad RZ, Khalid R, Aqeel M, Ameen F, Li CJ (2020) Fungal endophytes trigger Achnatherum
inebrians germination ability against environmental stresses. South Afr J Bot. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.sajb.2020.01.004
Alvin A, Miller KI, Neilan BA (2014) Exploring the potential of endophytes from medicinal plants
as sources of antimycobacterial compounds. Microbiol Res 169(7–8):483–495. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.micres.2013.12.00
Aly AH, Debbab A, Kjer J, Proksch P (2010) Fungal endophytes from higher plants: a prolific
source of phytochemicals and other bioactive natural products. Fungal Divers 41(1):1–16
Araújo WL, Marcon J, Maccheroni W, van Elsas JD, van Vuurde JW, Azevedo JL (2002) Diversity
of endophytic bacterial populations and their interaction with Xylella fastidiosa in citrus plants.
Appl Environ Microbiol 68(10):4906–4914
Ardal E (2014) Phycoremediation of pesticides using microalgae. Department of Plant Breeding.
SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp 10–35
Arnold AE, Mejía LC, Kyllo D et al (2003) Fungal endophytes limit pathogen damage in a tropical
tree. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100(26):15649–15654
A. Ghasemnezhad et al.
etc. (Mujumdar et al. 2014; Kim et al. 2020). Pyrrolnitrin is also an important antimicrobial agent for plant protection (Dheeman et al. 2017). The mode of action of pyrrolnitrin is not clear, but interference in fungal plasma membranes has been demonstrated. Four genes in chromosomal DNA (6.2-kb region) are responsible for pyrrolnitrin production in Pseudomonas fluorescens, while plasmid-encoded genes are
responsible in Acinetobacter haemolyticus A19 (Kim et al. 2020). Endophytic bacterial strain, EML-CAP3 isolated from Capsicum Annum L. (red pepper) leaf, showed
potent antiangiogenic activity. This endophytic bacterial strain produced lipophilic
peptides which inhibited the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells
and also exhibited antiangiogenic potential in tumor progression (Jung et al. 2015).
In general, endophytes have many unsolved mysteries, each of which can add to
human knowledge and make it easier for human beings to deal with anomalies in
various fields.
References
Abdalla MA, Matasyoh JC (2014) Endophytes as producers of peptides: an overview about the
recently discovered peptides from endophytic microbes. Nat Prod Bioprospect 4(5):257–270.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13659-014-0038-y
Abdel-Azeem AM, Abdel-Azeem MA, Khalil WF (2019) Endophytic fungi as a new source of
antirheumatoid metabolites. In: Bioactive food as dietary interventions for arthritis and related
inflammatory diseases, pp 355–384
Abdel-Azeem AM, Zaki SM, Khalil WF, Makhlouf NA, Farghaly LM (2016) Anti-rheumatoid
activity of secondary metabolites produced by endophytic Chaetomium globosum. Front
Microbiol 7:1477
Aboobaker Z, Viljoen A, Chen W, Crous PW, Maharaj VJ, van Vuuren S (2019) Endophytic fungi
isolated from Pelargonium sidoides DC: antimicrobial interaction and isolation of a bioactive
compound. South Afr J Bot 122:535–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.01.011
Afridi MS, Mahmood T, Salam A et al (2019) Induction of tolerance to salinity in wheat genotypes
by plant growth promoting endophytes: involvement of ACC deaminase and antioxidant enzymes.
Plant Physiol Biochem 139:569–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.041
Ahmad RZ, Khalid R, Aqeel M, Ameen F, Li CJ (2020) Fungal endophytes trigger Achnatherum
inebrians germination ability against environmental stresses. South Afr J Bot. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.sajb.2020.01.004
Alvin A, Miller KI, Neilan BA (2014) Exploring the potential of endophytes from medicinal plants
as sources of antimycobacterial compounds. Microbiol Res 169(7–8):483–495. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.micres.2013.12.00
Aly AH, Debbab A, Kjer J, Proksch P (2010) Fungal endophytes from higher plants: a prolific
source of phytochemicals and other bioactive natural products. Fungal Divers 41(1):1–16
Araújo WL, Marcon J, Maccheroni W, van Elsas JD, van Vuurde JW, Azevedo JL (2002) Diversity
of endophytic bacterial populations and their interaction with Xylella fastidiosa in citrus plants.
Appl Environ Microbiol 68(10):4906–4914
Ardal E (2014) Phycoremediation of pesticides using microalgae. Department of Plant Breeding.
SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp 10–35
Arnold AE, Mejía LC, Kyllo D et al (2003) Fungal endophytes limit pathogen damage in a tropical
tree. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100(26):15649–15654