4 Cattle Dung Manure Microbiota as a Substitute …
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microbial communities, after anaerobic fermentation in batch reactors, as affected
by the different fermentation conditions.
4.9 Dung in Agrobiological Practices
Dung came into focus as a potential antimicrobial agent (Chitnis et al. 2000) against
multidrug resistant and Vancomycin resistant bacteria causing human infections.
Evidence showed that fresh dung and urine have antifungal and antiseptic properties
due to the secretion of some of the antimicrobial metabolites (Nene 2003). Certain
phytopathogenic fungi such as Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum also suppressed by antifungal nature of dung (Basak et al. 2002). Bacterial
blight disease of rice was found to be controlled by the spray of dung extract and acts
as effective as penicillin, paushamycin, and streptomycin (Mary et al. 1986). The
research revealed that Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus cereus,
and Bacillus subtilis inhabiting in dung reduce the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii, F.
oxysporum, Pythium aphanidermatum, Helminthosporium maydis, and Rhizoctonia
solani. On the other hand, a number of antibiotic resistant strains were also isolated
from dung which may act as antibiotic resistant markers in rhizosphere biology
(David and Odeyemi 2007).
Dung is considered as an integral component of most of the biodynamic preparations and serves as a source of inoculum of beneficial microorganisms (Dhiman et al.
2019). The biodynamic products contain macro and micronutrients, amino acids, and
growth-promoting substances like IAA, gibberellins, and beneficial microorganisms.
The beneficial effects of biodynamic preparations have been reported on lentil and
wheat (Carpenter-Boggs et al. 2000). Biodynamic sprays increased the yields of
cereals and vegetables (Raupp and Koenig 1996). In addition, spraying a 3% solution of biodynamic products prepared by dung along with soil application of biogas
slurry improved the yields of maize and sunflower (Somasundaram et al. 2007).
In agricultural practices, it utilizes as manure because of the presence of humic
compounds thus played an important role to increase crop growth (Girija et al.
2013). Low C: N ratio in dung manure is an indication of good source of protein for
microbes resides in it and involved in the decomposition of organic matter (Adegunloye et al. 2007). From ancient times, numbers of formulations were prepared either
alone or in combination with herbal, animal, or mineral origin drugs (Sathasivam
et al. 2010). Farm animals such as cows, bullocks, and milk buffaloes provide
dung and urine to enrich the soil, while crop residues and fodder form the bulk
of the feed for these animals (Kesavan and Swaminathan 2008). Studies revealed
that dung remained the most important source of bio-fertilizer and at the same
time urine, horn, and dead bodies can be the sources for effective bio-fertilizer.
In mixed farming systems, most livestock products are derivatives of animals that
fed on local resources such as crop residues, pasture, fodder trees, and shrubs. In
India, farming and agricultural cultivation is used to be done with animal dung
and serving as manure as per the traditional age-old system. There are a variety
93
microbial communities, after anaerobic fermentation in batch reactors, as affected
by the different fermentation conditions.
4.9 Dung in Agrobiological Practices
Dung came into focus as a potential antimicrobial agent (Chitnis et al. 2000) against
multidrug resistant and Vancomycin resistant bacteria causing human infections.
Evidence showed that fresh dung and urine have antifungal and antiseptic properties
due to the secretion of some of the antimicrobial metabolites (Nene 2003). Certain
phytopathogenic fungi such as Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum also suppressed by antifungal nature of dung (Basak et al. 2002). Bacterial
blight disease of rice was found to be controlled by the spray of dung extract and acts
as effective as penicillin, paushamycin, and streptomycin (Mary et al. 1986). The
research revealed that Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus cereus,
and Bacillus subtilis inhabiting in dung reduce the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii, F.
oxysporum, Pythium aphanidermatum, Helminthosporium maydis, and Rhizoctonia
solani. On the other hand, a number of antibiotic resistant strains were also isolated
from dung which may act as antibiotic resistant markers in rhizosphere biology
(David and Odeyemi 2007).
Dung is considered as an integral component of most of the biodynamic preparations and serves as a source of inoculum of beneficial microorganisms (Dhiman et al.
2019). The biodynamic products contain macro and micronutrients, amino acids, and
growth-promoting substances like IAA, gibberellins, and beneficial microorganisms.
The beneficial effects of biodynamic preparations have been reported on lentil and
wheat (Carpenter-Boggs et al. 2000). Biodynamic sprays increased the yields of
cereals and vegetables (Raupp and Koenig 1996). In addition, spraying a 3% solution of biodynamic products prepared by dung along with soil application of biogas
slurry improved the yields of maize and sunflower (Somasundaram et al. 2007).
In agricultural practices, it utilizes as manure because of the presence of humic
compounds thus played an important role to increase crop growth (Girija et al.
2013). Low C: N ratio in dung manure is an indication of good source of protein for
microbes resides in it and involved in the decomposition of organic matter (Adegunloye et al. 2007). From ancient times, numbers of formulations were prepared either
alone or in combination with herbal, animal, or mineral origin drugs (Sathasivam
et al. 2010). Farm animals such as cows, bullocks, and milk buffaloes provide
dung and urine to enrich the soil, while crop residues and fodder form the bulk
of the feed for these animals (Kesavan and Swaminathan 2008). Studies revealed
that dung remained the most important source of bio-fertilizer and at the same
time urine, horn, and dead bodies can be the sources for effective bio-fertilizer.
In mixed farming systems, most livestock products are derivatives of animals that
fed on local resources such as crop residues, pasture, fodder trees, and shrubs. In
India, farming and agricultural cultivation is used to be done with animal dung
and serving as manure as per the traditional age-old system. There are a variety