138
Bacterial Cellulose
ribbon.(Figures 6.15c.and.6.15d),.which.is.the.normal.morphology.when.not.
in.contact.with.an.ordered.substrate..This.alternating.pattern.was.observed.
to.repeat.as.many.as.20.times.across.the.entire.template.
G. xylinus.usually.rotates.around.the.self-axis.with.secretion.of.a.cellulose.
nanofiber,.resulting.in.twisted.cellulose.nanofibers..In.fact,.Figures 6.15c.and.
6.15d.show.this.rotating.movement.that.was.an.indication.of.no.interaction.
of.the.secreted.fiber.with.the.chitin.template..Thus.Figures 6.15e.and.6.15f,.
which.show.winding.fibers.around.the.bacterium.body,.confirm.self-rotation.
of. the. bacterium. cell. during. the. detour. following. jumping. off. the. tracks..
Figure 6.15f. is. an. enlarged. view. of. the. cell. in. Figure 6.15e.. It. is. clear. that.
the. cell. extruded. the. fiber. with. twisting,. attributed. to. self-rotation. of. the.
cell..These.results.suggest.that.the.magnitude.of.interfacial.interaction.can.
regulate. the. waving. pattern. of. bacterial. movements. and. the. deposition. of.
nanofibers,.which.leads.to.autonomous.fabrication.of.3D.structures.with.a.
unique.pattern.and.a.controlled.growth.direction.
With.the.addition.of.cellulose.as.a.component.for.nematic.ordered.chitin.
template,.the.molecular.ordering.was.altered.(Kondo.et.al..2012)..It.was.found.
that.application.of.the.preparative.method.for.NOC.to.chitin.and.cellulosechitin. blends. did. not. permit. the. formation. of. nematic. ordered. states. like.
NOC.on.the.molecular. scale,. but.instead.induced.a.variety.of.hierarchical.
nematic.ordered.states.on.various.scales.(Kondo.et.al..2004)..It.was.expected.
that.the.magnitude.of.interfacial.interactions.that.occurred.with.the.microfibrils.by.addition.of.cellulose.as.a.component.would.be.altered..In.the.two.
templates.of.nematic.ordered.chitin-cellulose.blends.of.50-50.and.25-75,.the.
moving. patterns. were. still. “waving.”. However,. a. remarkable. difference.
appeared. depending. on. the. cellulose. component. ratio.. The. more. cellulose. .
that.was.added,.the.smaller.the.amplitude.became—getting.close.to.a.linear.
pattern..This.indicates.that.more.cellulose.reduces.the.moving.amplitudes.
into.a.linear.pattern..The.moving.rate.for.the.individual.blend.ratios.seemed.
to.be.within.a.nonsignificant.range.
NOC Templates Mediating Order Patterned
Deposition Accompanied by Synthesis of
Calcium Phosphates as Biomimic Mineralization
This. section. briefly. introduces. an. advanced. possibility. of. NOC. templates.
having.bifunction.(p-NOC).in.terms.of.a.novel.biomineralization.(Higashi.
and. Kondo. 2012).. As. described. previously,. NOC. exhibits. a. unique. property. as. a. scaffold. for. fabrication. of. organic. hierarchical. structures. as. seen.
in. living. . things.. Recently. this. concept. was. extended. to. fabrication. of.
organic–inorganic. hierarchical. structures. using. less. energy. consumption..
The. NOC. was. at. first. modified. into. a. bifunctional. template. containing.
Bacterial Cellulose
ribbon.(Figures 6.15c.and.6.15d),.which.is.the.normal.morphology.when.not.
in.contact.with.an.ordered.substrate..This.alternating.pattern.was.observed.
to.repeat.as.many.as.20.times.across.the.entire.template.
G. xylinus.usually.rotates.around.the.self-axis.with.secretion.of.a.cellulose.
nanofiber,.resulting.in.twisted.cellulose.nanofibers..In.fact,.Figures 6.15c.and.
6.15d.show.this.rotating.movement.that.was.an.indication.of.no.interaction.
of.the.secreted.fiber.with.the.chitin.template..Thus.Figures 6.15e.and.6.15f,.
which.show.winding.fibers.around.the.bacterium.body,.confirm.self-rotation.
of. the. bacterium. cell. during. the. detour. following. jumping. off. the. tracks..
Figure 6.15f. is. an. enlarged. view. of. the. cell. in. Figure 6.15e.. It. is. clear. that.
the. cell. extruded. the. fiber. with. twisting,. attributed. to. self-rotation. of. the.
cell..These.results.suggest.that.the.magnitude.of.interfacial.interaction.can.
regulate. the. waving. pattern. of. bacterial. movements. and. the. deposition. of.
nanofibers,.which.leads.to.autonomous.fabrication.of.3D.structures.with.a.
unique.pattern.and.a.controlled.growth.direction.
With.the.addition.of.cellulose.as.a.component.for.nematic.ordered.chitin.
template,.the.molecular.ordering.was.altered.(Kondo.et.al..2012)..It.was.found.
that.application.of.the.preparative.method.for.NOC.to.chitin.and.cellulosechitin. blends. did. not. permit. the. formation. of. nematic. ordered. states. like.
NOC.on.the.molecular. scale,. but.instead.induced.a.variety.of.hierarchical.
nematic.ordered.states.on.various.scales.(Kondo.et.al..2004)..It.was.expected.
that.the.magnitude.of.interfacial.interactions.that.occurred.with.the.microfibrils.by.addition.of.cellulose.as.a.component.would.be.altered..In.the.two.
templates.of.nematic.ordered.chitin-cellulose.blends.of.50-50.and.25-75,.the.
moving. patterns. were. still. “waving.”. However,. a. remarkable. difference.
appeared. depending. on. the. cellulose. component. ratio.. The. more. cellulose. .
that.was.added,.the.smaller.the.amplitude.became—getting.close.to.a.linear.
pattern..This.indicates.that.more.cellulose.reduces.the.moving.amplitudes.
into.a.linear.pattern..The.moving.rate.for.the.individual.blend.ratios.seemed.
to.be.within.a.nonsignificant.range.
NOC Templates Mediating Order Patterned
Deposition Accompanied by Synthesis of
Calcium Phosphates as Biomimic Mineralization
This. section. briefly. introduces. an. advanced. possibility. of. NOC. templates.
having.bifunction.(p-NOC).in.terms.of.a.novel.biomineralization.(Higashi.
and. Kondo. 2012).. As. described. previously,. NOC. exhibits. a. unique. property. as. a. scaffold. for. fabrication. of. organic. hierarchical. structures. as. seen.
in. living. . things.. Recently. this. concept. was. extended. to. fabrication. of.
organic–inorganic. hierarchical. structures. using. less. energy. consumption..
The. NOC. was. at. first. modified. into. a. bifunctional. template. containing.