115
Nematic Ordered Cellulose Templates
at.the.C6.position.that.are.equatorially.bonded.to.the.anhydroglucose.unit.in.
the.cellulose.molecules.are.automatically.oriented.at.a.certain.angle.against.
the.surface.and.also.aligned.along.the.same.axis.as.the.tracks.(Kondo.2007)..
On.the.contrary,.the.lateral.order.of.the.OH.groups.is.not.well.coordinated.
because.of.the.slipping.molecular.chains.with.each.other.in.the.NOC.that.
was.caused.by.the.uniaxial.stretching..Therefore.the.OH.groups.tend.to.be.
oriented.as.molecular.tracks.only.in.one.direction.across.the.entire.NOC.surface.(Kondo.2007;.Kondo.et.al..2001)..These.ordering.tracks.of.the.OH.groups.
on.the.NOC.surface.appear.to.induce.epitaxial.deposition.of.the.biosynthesized.cellulose.nanofibers.as.they.are.secreted.from.G. xylinus.along.the.same.
axis.of.the.tracks.in.NOC..In.addition,.the.regulated.movement.of.the.bacterium.was.not.observed.in.the.synthetic.polymers.having.OH.groups.such.as.
polyvinyl.alcohol.(Kondo.et.al..2002)..Therefore,.when.the.nematic.ordered.
state.is.prepared.using.other.natural.polymers,.it.is.of.interest.and.importance.to.know.whether.similar.regulated.bacterial.movement.may.occur.in.
order.to.extend.this.phenomenon.into.a.methodology.for.fabrication.of.new.
types.of.functional.bio-based.materials.
In. this. chapter,. after. properties. of. NOC. are. described,. the. behavior. of.
. cellulose.production.of.two.types.of.G. xylinus.bacteria.(NQ-5,.ATCC.53582;.
and. AY-201,. ATCC. 23769). is. at. first. shown. in. Hestrin–Schramm. media. on.
NOC.templates.(Hesse.and.Kondo.2005;.Kondo.2007;.Kondo.et.al..2002)..In.
addition,.a.modified.distribution.of.carbon.isotopes.(β-D-glucose-U- 13 C 6 ).as.
a. precursor. for. the. biological. synthesis. did. not. have. any. influence. on. the.
microgravitative.effects.of.the.building.of.cellulose.
Second,.we.employed.chitin.and.cellulose-chitin.blends.as.the.components.
for.the.above.templates.instead.of.NOC.(Kondo.et.al..2012)..Chitin.is.a.repeating. carbohydrate. polymer. of. (1,4)-linked. 2-deoxy-2-acetamide-β-D-glucose..
That.is,.as.the.primary.structure,.chitin.has.only.a.replacement.of.OH.groups.
into.acetamide.groups.at.the.C2.position.of.the.anhydroglucose.unit.when.
compared.with.cellulose..However,.when.treated.in.the.same.manner.as.with.
NOC,.the.chitin.exhibited.a.variety.of.different.micro/nano.hierarchical.nematic.ordered.states.(Kondo.et.al..2004)..Furthermore,.the.NOC-like.ordered.
templates.of.cellulose/cellulose.derivative.blends.were.also.employed.for.the.
bacterial.cultures.
Third,.as.an.extended.concept.for.the.NOC,.attempts.are.discussed.to.propose.a.sort.of.biomimic.mineralization.of.calcium.phosphate.using.modified.
NOC.templates..This.process.was.initially.mediated.by.the.modified.NOC.
template.having.a.pair.of.roles.in.the.ion.supply.sources.and.scaffolds.for.
three-dimensional.(3D).ordering.architecture.of.the.calcium.phosphate.as.a.
biomineral.(Higashi.and.Kondo.2012).
This. chapter. will. provide. unique. surface. properties. of. NOC. templates.
for. patterning. of. the. bacterial. movement. and. deposition. of. their. secreted.
cellu. lose.nanofibers,.and.patterned.deposition.of.biominerals..Furthermore,.
the. regulated. fabrication. could. lead. to. the. design. of. 3D. architecture. from.
the.nano.to.the.micro.scales.of.functional.bio-based.materials.with.desired.
Nematic Ordered Cellulose Templates
at.the.C6.position.that.are.equatorially.bonded.to.the.anhydroglucose.unit.in.
the.cellulose.molecules.are.automatically.oriented.at.a.certain.angle.against.
the.surface.and.also.aligned.along.the.same.axis.as.the.tracks.(Kondo.2007)..
On.the.contrary,.the.lateral.order.of.the.OH.groups.is.not.well.coordinated.
because.of.the.slipping.molecular.chains.with.each.other.in.the.NOC.that.
was.caused.by.the.uniaxial.stretching..Therefore.the.OH.groups.tend.to.be.
oriented.as.molecular.tracks.only.in.one.direction.across.the.entire.NOC.surface.(Kondo.2007;.Kondo.et.al..2001)..These.ordering.tracks.of.the.OH.groups.
on.the.NOC.surface.appear.to.induce.epitaxial.deposition.of.the.biosynthesized.cellulose.nanofibers.as.they.are.secreted.from.G. xylinus.along.the.same.
axis.of.the.tracks.in.NOC..In.addition,.the.regulated.movement.of.the.bacterium.was.not.observed.in.the.synthetic.polymers.having.OH.groups.such.as.
polyvinyl.alcohol.(Kondo.et.al..2002)..Therefore,.when.the.nematic.ordered.
state.is.prepared.using.other.natural.polymers,.it.is.of.interest.and.importance.to.know.whether.similar.regulated.bacterial.movement.may.occur.in.
order.to.extend.this.phenomenon.into.a.methodology.for.fabrication.of.new.
types.of.functional.bio-based.materials.
In. this. chapter,. after. properties. of. NOC. are. described,. the. behavior. of.
. cellulose.production.of.two.types.of.G. xylinus.bacteria.(NQ-5,.ATCC.53582;.
and. AY-201,. ATCC. 23769). is. at. first. shown. in. Hestrin–Schramm. media. on.
NOC.templates.(Hesse.and.Kondo.2005;.Kondo.2007;.Kondo.et.al..2002)..In.
addition,.a.modified.distribution.of.carbon.isotopes.(β-D-glucose-U- 13 C 6 ).as.
a. precursor. for. the. biological. synthesis. did. not. have. any. influence. on. the.
microgravitative.effects.of.the.building.of.cellulose.
Second,.we.employed.chitin.and.cellulose-chitin.blends.as.the.components.
for.the.above.templates.instead.of.NOC.(Kondo.et.al..2012)..Chitin.is.a.repeating. carbohydrate. polymer. of. (1,4)-linked. 2-deoxy-2-acetamide-β-D-glucose..
That.is,.as.the.primary.structure,.chitin.has.only.a.replacement.of.OH.groups.
into.acetamide.groups.at.the.C2.position.of.the.anhydroglucose.unit.when.
compared.with.cellulose..However,.when.treated.in.the.same.manner.as.with.
NOC,.the.chitin.exhibited.a.variety.of.different.micro/nano.hierarchical.nematic.ordered.states.(Kondo.et.al..2004)..Furthermore,.the.NOC-like.ordered.
templates.of.cellulose/cellulose.derivative.blends.were.also.employed.for.the.
bacterial.cultures.
Third,.as.an.extended.concept.for.the.NOC,.attempts.are.discussed.to.propose.a.sort.of.biomimic.mineralization.of.calcium.phosphate.using.modified.
NOC.templates..This.process.was.initially.mediated.by.the.modified.NOC.
template.having.a.pair.of.roles.in.the.ion.supply.sources.and.scaffolds.for.
three-dimensional.(3D).ordering.architecture.of.the.calcium.phosphate.as.a.
biomineral.(Higashi.and.Kondo.2012).
This. chapter. will. provide. unique. surface. properties. of. NOC. templates.
for. patterning. of. the. bacterial. movement. and. deposition. of. their. secreted.
cellu. lose.nanofibers,.and.patterned.deposition.of.biominerals..Furthermore,.
the. regulated. fabrication. could. lead. to. the. design. of. 3D. architecture. from.
the.nano.to.the.micro.scales.of.functional.bio-based.materials.with.desired.