114
Bacterial Cellulose
between.the.produced.microbial.cellulose.nanofibers.and.specific.sites.
of.the.oriented.molecules.on.the.unique.surface.of.NOC.is.very.strong,.
such.ordered.cellulose.can.be.used.as.a.template.for.the.construction.of.
nanocomposites,. and. the. growth. direction. of. the. secreted. cellulose. is.
controlled. by. the. epitaxial. deposition. of. the. microfibrils.. Accordingly,.
the. template. as. a. scaffold. could. regulate. and. establish. deposition. of.
the. NOC-patterned. three-dimensional. (3D). architecture. of. cellulose.
ribbon-like.nanofibers.when.the.bacteria.are.incubated.on.it..This.review.
attempts.to.reveal.the.exclusive.structure–property.relationship.in.order.
to.extend.the.use.of.NOC.film.as.a.functional.template.for.bacterium.culture.and.biomimic.mineralization..In.addition,.the.other.carbohydrate.
polymers.with.a.variety.of.hierarchical.nematic.ordered.states.on.various.scales,.so.called.nano-/microstructures,.are.described,.which.would.
allow.development.of.new.functional.ordered.scaffolds..The.regulating.
factors.for.the.rate.of.the.microbial.3D.construction.are.also.discussed.
Introduction
Attempts. to. understand. interfacial. surface. structures. and. the. interaction.
of.materials.at.the.nanoscale.have.brought.us.into.the.field.of.nanotechnology.(Drexler.1992)..Microbiological.systems.combined.with.nanotechnology.
have. become. bionanotechnology. (Taton. 2002).. Recent. studies. showing. the.
unique. interaction. of. biological. systems. with. entirely. synthetic. molecular.
assemblies.have.prompted.consideration.of.a.new.generation.of.approaches.
for. controlled. nanoassembly.. More. recently,. we. found. a. unique. phenomenon. that. the. molecular. tracks. of. nematic. ordered. cellulose. (NOC). (Kondo.
2007;. Kondo. et. al.. 2001). substrate. regulate. the. direction. of. fiber. secretion.
of. Gluconacetobacter xylinus. (formerly. Acetobacter xylinum),. a. Gram-negative.
bacterium. .that.synthesizes.and.extrudes.a.cellulose.nanofiber,.resulting.also.
in.regulating.the.direction.of.the.bacterial.movement.caused.by.the.inverse.
force.of.the.secretion..An.epitaxial.deposition.of.the.nanofibers.was.induced.
due.to.the.strong.interaction.between.the.nascent.nanofibrils.and.influenced.
the.order.of.molecules.of.the.template.(Kondo.2007;.Kondo.et.al..2002)..This.
indicated.that.the.conjunction.of.directed.biosynthesis.and.the.ordered.fabrication.from.the.nano.to.the.micro.scales.could.lead.to.new.methodologies.
for.the.design.of.functional.materials.with.desired.nanostructures.
In. the. unique. phenomenon,. the. most. influential. factor. for. the. regulated.
bacterial.movement.was.the.surface.of.the.nano-/microstructure.of.the.template..The.NOC.substrate,.where.cellulose.molecules.are.highly.ordered.but.
not.assembled.to.form.the.crystalline.state,.was.prepared.by.uniaxial.stretching.of.water-swollen.and.fixed.cellulose.gel.from.dimethyl.acetamide/LiCl.
solution..Under.wet.conditions,.the.cellulose.molecular.chains.tend.to.be.oriented.toward.the.stretching.axis..Simultaneously.the.hydroxyl.(OH).groups.
Bacterial Cellulose
between.the.produced.microbial.cellulose.nanofibers.and.specific.sites.
of.the.oriented.molecules.on.the.unique.surface.of.NOC.is.very.strong,.
such.ordered.cellulose.can.be.used.as.a.template.for.the.construction.of.
nanocomposites,. and. the. growth. direction. of. the. secreted. cellulose. is.
controlled. by. the. epitaxial. deposition. of. the. microfibrils.. Accordingly,.
the. template. as. a. scaffold. could. regulate. and. establish. deposition. of.
the. NOC-patterned. three-dimensional. (3D). architecture. of. cellulose.
ribbon-like.nanofibers.when.the.bacteria.are.incubated.on.it..This.review.
attempts.to.reveal.the.exclusive.structure–property.relationship.in.order.
to.extend.the.use.of.NOC.film.as.a.functional.template.for.bacterium.culture.and.biomimic.mineralization..In.addition,.the.other.carbohydrate.
polymers.with.a.variety.of.hierarchical.nematic.ordered.states.on.various.scales,.so.called.nano-/microstructures,.are.described,.which.would.
allow.development.of.new.functional.ordered.scaffolds..The.regulating.
factors.for.the.rate.of.the.microbial.3D.construction.are.also.discussed.
Introduction
Attempts. to. understand. interfacial. surface. structures. and. the. interaction.
of.materials.at.the.nanoscale.have.brought.us.into.the.field.of.nanotechnology.(Drexler.1992)..Microbiological.systems.combined.with.nanotechnology.
have. become. bionanotechnology. (Taton. 2002).. Recent. studies. showing. the.
unique. interaction. of. biological. systems. with. entirely. synthetic. molecular.
assemblies.have.prompted.consideration.of.a.new.generation.of.approaches.
for. controlled. nanoassembly.. More. recently,. we. found. a. unique. phenomenon. that. the. molecular. tracks. of. nematic. ordered. cellulose. (NOC). (Kondo.
2007;. Kondo. et. al.. 2001). substrate. regulate. the. direction. of. fiber. secretion.
of. Gluconacetobacter xylinus. (formerly. Acetobacter xylinum),. a. Gram-negative.
bacterium. .that.synthesizes.and.extrudes.a.cellulose.nanofiber,.resulting.also.
in.regulating.the.direction.of.the.bacterial.movement.caused.by.the.inverse.
force.of.the.secretion..An.epitaxial.deposition.of.the.nanofibers.was.induced.
due.to.the.strong.interaction.between.the.nascent.nanofibrils.and.influenced.
the.order.of.molecules.of.the.template.(Kondo.2007;.Kondo.et.al..2002)..This.
indicated.that.the.conjunction.of.directed.biosynthesis.and.the.ordered.fabrication.from.the.nano.to.the.micro.scales.could.lead.to.new.methodologies.
for.the.design.of.functional.materials.with.desired.nanostructures.
In. the. unique. phenomenon,. the. most. influential. factor. for. the. regulated.
bacterial.movement.was.the.surface.of.the.nano-/microstructure.of.the.template..The.NOC.substrate,.where.cellulose.molecules.are.highly.ordered.but.
not.assembled.to.form.the.crystalline.state,.was.prepared.by.uniaxial.stretching.of.water-swollen.and.fixed.cellulose.gel.from.dimethyl.acetamide/LiCl.
solution..Under.wet.conditions,.the.cellulose.molecular.chains.tend.to.be.oriented.toward.the.stretching.axis..Simultaneously.the.hydroxyl.(OH).groups.