61
Signaling Pathways in AP Patterning
Doniach, T. 1993. Planar and vertical induction of anteroposterior
pattern during the development of the amphibian central nervous system. J. Neurobio. 24:1256–1275.
Durston, A.J. 2019. What are the roles of retinoids, other morphogens, and Hox genes in setting up the vertebrate body axis?
Genesis. 57:e23296.
Durston, A.J., J.P. Timmermans, W.J. Hage, H.F. Hendriks, N.J. de
Vries, M. Heideveld, and P.D. Nieuwkoop. 1989. Retinoic
acid causes an anteroposterior transformation in the developing central nervous system. Nature. 340:140–144.
Elkouby, Y.M., S. Elias, E.S. Casey, S.A. Blythe, N. Tsabar, P.S.
Klein, H. Root, K.J. Liu, and D. Frank. 2010. Mesodermal
Wnt signaling organizes the neural plate via Meis3.
Development. 137:1531–1541.
Ellinger-Ziegelbauer, H., and C. Dreyer. 1991. A retinoic acid
receptor expressed in the early development of Xenopus laevis. Genes Dev. 5:94–104.
Epstein, M., G. Pillemer, R. Yelin, J.K. Yisraeli, and A. Fainsod.
1997. Patterning of the embryo along the anterior-posterior axis: The role of the caudal genes. Development.
124:3805–3814.
Eroshkin, F.M., A.M. Nesterenko, A.V. Borodulin, N.Y. Martynova,
G.V. Ermakova, F.K. Gyoeva, E.E. Orlov, A.A. Belogurov,
K.A. Lukyanov, A.V. Bayramov, and A.G. Zaraisky. 2016.
Noggin4 is a long-range inhibitor of Wnt8 signalling that
regulates head development in Xenopus laevis. Sci Rep.
6:23049.
Eyal-Giladi, H. 1954. Dynamic aspects of neural induction in
amphibia. Arch Biol (Liege). 65:179–259.
Faas, L., and H.V. Isaacs. 2009. Overlapping functions of Cdx1,
Cdx2, and Cdx4 in the development of the amphibian
Xenopus tropicalis. Dev Dyn. 238:835–852.
Fletcher, R.B., J.C. Baker, and R.M. Harland. 2006. FGF8 spliceforms mediate early mesoderm and posterior neural tissue
formation in Xenopus. Development. 133:1703–1714.
Fredieu, J.R., Y. Cui, D. Maier, M.V. Danilchik, and J.L. Christian.
1997. Xwnt-8 and lithium can act upon either dorsal mesodermal or neurectodermal cells to cause a loss of forebrain in
Xenopus embryos. Dev Biol. 186:100–114.
Friesel, R., and I.B. Dawid. 1991. cDNA cloning and developmental expression of fbroblast growth factor receptors from
Xenopus laevis. Mol Cell Biol. 11:2481–2488.
Glinka, A., W. Wu, H. Delius, A.P. Monaghan, C. Blumenstock,
and C. Niehrs. 1998. Dickkopf-1 is a member of a new family of secreted proteins and functions in head induction.
Nature. 391:357–362.
Glinka, A., W. Wu, D. Onichtchouk, C. Blumenstock, and C.
Niehrs. 1997. Head induction by simultaneous repression of
Bmp and Wnt signalling in Xenopus. Nature. 389:517–519.
Godsave, S.F., and A.J. Durston. 1997. Neural induction and patterning in embryos defcient in FGF signaling. Int J Dev Biol.
41:57–65.
Godsave, S.F., C.H. Koster, A. Getahun, M. Mathu, M. Hooiveld,
J. van der Wees, J. Hendriks, and A.J. Durston. 1998. Graded
retinoid responses in the developing hindbrain. Dev Dyn.
213:39–49.
Golub, R., Z. Adelman, J. Clementi, R. Weiss, J. Bonasera, and
M. Servetnick. 2000. Evolutionarily conserved and divergent
expression of members of the FGF receptor family among
vertebrate embryos, as revealed by FGFR expression patterns
in Xenopus. Dev Genes Evol. 210:345–357.
Grunz, H., and L. Tacke. 1989. Neural differentiation of Xenopus
laevis ectoderm takes place after disaggregation and delayed
reaggregation without inducer. Cell Differ Dev. 28:211–217.
Gurdon, J.B., and N. Hopwood. 2000. The introduction of Xenopus
laevis into developmental biology: Of empire, pregnancy
testing and ribosomal genes. Int J Dev Biol. 44:43–50.
Gutkovich, Y.E., R. Ofr, Y.M. Elkouby, C. Dibner, A. Gefen, S.
Elias, and D. Frank. 2010. Xenopus Meis3 protein lies at
a nexus downstream to Zic1 and Pax3 proteins, regulating
multiple cell-fates during early nervous system development.
Dev Biol. 338:50–62.
Hamburger, V. 1988. The Heritage of Experimental Embryology:
Hans Spemann and the Organizer. Oxford University Press,
Oxford.
Haremaki, T., Y. Tanaka, I. Hongo, M. Yuge, and H. Okamoto.
2003. Integration of multiple signal transducing pathways
on Fgf response elements of the Xenopus caudal homologue
Xcad3. Development. 130:4907–4917.
Hassler, C., C.M. Cruciat, Y.L. Huang, S. Kuriyama, R. Mayor, and
C. Niehrs. 2007. Kremen is required for neural crest induction in Xenopus and promotes LRP6-mediated Wnt signaling. Development. 134:4255–4263.
Hemmati-Brivanlou, A., O.G. Kelly, and D.A. Melton. 1994.
Follistatin, an antagonist of activin, is expressed in the
Spemann organizer and displays direct neuralizing activity.
Cell. 77:283–295.
Hollemann, T., Y. Chen, H. Grunz, and T. Pieler. 1998. Regionalized
metabolic activity establishes boundaries of retinoic acid signalling. EMBO J. 17:7361–7372.
Holowacz, T., and S. Sokol. 1999. FGF is required for posterior
neural patterning but not for neural induction. Dev Biol.
205:296–308.
Hongo, I., M. Kengaku, and H. Okamoto. 1999. FGF signaling
and the anterior neural induction in Xenopus. Dev Biol.
216:561–581.
In der Rieden, P.M., F.L. Vilaspasa, and A.J. Durston. 2010. Xwnt8
directly initiates expression of labial Hox genes. Dev Dyn.
239:126–139.
Isaacs, H.V., M.E. Pownall, and J.M. Slack. 1995. eFGF is
expressed in the dorsal midline of Xenopus laevis. Int J Dev
Biol. 39:575–579.
Isaacs, H.V., M.E. Pownall, and J.M. Slack. 1998. Regulation
of Hox gene expression and posterior development by the
Xenopus caudal homologue Xcad3. EMBO J. 17:3413–
3427.
Isaacs, H.V., D. Tannahill, and J.M. Slack. 1992. Expression of a
novel FGF in the Xenopus embryo: A new candidate inducing factor for mesoderm formation and anteroposterior specif cation. Development. 114:711–720.
Itoh, K., and S.Y. Sokol. 1997. Graded amounts of Xenopus dishevelled specify discrete anteroposterior cell fates in prospective
ectoderm. Mech Dev. 61:113–125.
Janesick, A., T.T. Nguyen, K. Aisaki, K. Igarashi, S. Kitajima, R.A.
Chandraratna, J. Kanno, and B. Blumberg. 2014. Active
repression by RARgamma signaling is required for vertebrate axial elongation. Development. 141:2260–2270.
Janssens, S., T. Denayer, T. Deroo, F. Van Roy, and K. Vleminckx.
2010. Direct control of Hoxd1 and Irx3 expression by Wnt/
beta-catenin signaling during anteroposterior patterning of
the neural axis in Xenopus. Int J Dev Biol. 54:1435–1442.
Kengaku, M., and H. Okamoto. 1995. bFGF as a possible morphogen for the anteroposterior axis of the central nervous system
in Xenopus. Development. 121:3121–3130.
Kimelman, D., J.A. Abraham, T. Haaparanta, T.M. Palisi, and M.W.
Kirschner. 1988. The presence of fbroblast growth factor in
the frog egg: Its role as a natural mesoderm inducer. Science.
242:1053–1056.
Signaling Pathways in AP Patterning
Doniach, T. 1993. Planar and vertical induction of anteroposterior
pattern during the development of the amphibian central nervous system. J. Neurobio. 24:1256–1275.
Durston, A.J. 2019. What are the roles of retinoids, other morphogens, and Hox genes in setting up the vertebrate body axis?
Genesis. 57:e23296.
Durston, A.J., J.P. Timmermans, W.J. Hage, H.F. Hendriks, N.J. de
Vries, M. Heideveld, and P.D. Nieuwkoop. 1989. Retinoic
acid causes an anteroposterior transformation in the developing central nervous system. Nature. 340:140–144.
Elkouby, Y.M., S. Elias, E.S. Casey, S.A. Blythe, N. Tsabar, P.S.
Klein, H. Root, K.J. Liu, and D. Frank. 2010. Mesodermal
Wnt signaling organizes the neural plate via Meis3.
Development. 137:1531–1541.
Ellinger-Ziegelbauer, H., and C. Dreyer. 1991. A retinoic acid
receptor expressed in the early development of Xenopus laevis. Genes Dev. 5:94–104.
Epstein, M., G. Pillemer, R. Yelin, J.K. Yisraeli, and A. Fainsod.
1997. Patterning of the embryo along the anterior-posterior axis: The role of the caudal genes. Development.
124:3805–3814.
Eroshkin, F.M., A.M. Nesterenko, A.V. Borodulin, N.Y. Martynova,
G.V. Ermakova, F.K. Gyoeva, E.E. Orlov, A.A. Belogurov,
K.A. Lukyanov, A.V. Bayramov, and A.G. Zaraisky. 2016.
Noggin4 is a long-range inhibitor of Wnt8 signalling that
regulates head development in Xenopus laevis. Sci Rep.
6:23049.
Eyal-Giladi, H. 1954. Dynamic aspects of neural induction in
amphibia. Arch Biol (Liege). 65:179–259.
Faas, L., and H.V. Isaacs. 2009. Overlapping functions of Cdx1,
Cdx2, and Cdx4 in the development of the amphibian
Xenopus tropicalis. Dev Dyn. 238:835–852.
Fletcher, R.B., J.C. Baker, and R.M. Harland. 2006. FGF8 spliceforms mediate early mesoderm and posterior neural tissue
formation in Xenopus. Development. 133:1703–1714.
Fredieu, J.R., Y. Cui, D. Maier, M.V. Danilchik, and J.L. Christian.
1997. Xwnt-8 and lithium can act upon either dorsal mesodermal or neurectodermal cells to cause a loss of forebrain in
Xenopus embryos. Dev Biol. 186:100–114.
Friesel, R., and I.B. Dawid. 1991. cDNA cloning and developmental expression of fbroblast growth factor receptors from
Xenopus laevis. Mol Cell Biol. 11:2481–2488.
Glinka, A., W. Wu, H. Delius, A.P. Monaghan, C. Blumenstock,
and C. Niehrs. 1998. Dickkopf-1 is a member of a new family of secreted proteins and functions in head induction.
Nature. 391:357–362.
Glinka, A., W. Wu, D. Onichtchouk, C. Blumenstock, and C.
Niehrs. 1997. Head induction by simultaneous repression of
Bmp and Wnt signalling in Xenopus. Nature. 389:517–519.
Godsave, S.F., and A.J. Durston. 1997. Neural induction and patterning in embryos defcient in FGF signaling. Int J Dev Biol.
41:57–65.
Godsave, S.F., C.H. Koster, A. Getahun, M. Mathu, M. Hooiveld,
J. van der Wees, J. Hendriks, and A.J. Durston. 1998. Graded
retinoid responses in the developing hindbrain. Dev Dyn.
213:39–49.
Golub, R., Z. Adelman, J. Clementi, R. Weiss, J. Bonasera, and
M. Servetnick. 2000. Evolutionarily conserved and divergent
expression of members of the FGF receptor family among
vertebrate embryos, as revealed by FGFR expression patterns
in Xenopus. Dev Genes Evol. 210:345–357.
Grunz, H., and L. Tacke. 1989. Neural differentiation of Xenopus
laevis ectoderm takes place after disaggregation and delayed
reaggregation without inducer. Cell Differ Dev. 28:211–217.
Gurdon, J.B., and N. Hopwood. 2000. The introduction of Xenopus
laevis into developmental biology: Of empire, pregnancy
testing and ribosomal genes. Int J Dev Biol. 44:43–50.
Gutkovich, Y.E., R. Ofr, Y.M. Elkouby, C. Dibner, A. Gefen, S.
Elias, and D. Frank. 2010. Xenopus Meis3 protein lies at
a nexus downstream to Zic1 and Pax3 proteins, regulating
multiple cell-fates during early nervous system development.
Dev Biol. 338:50–62.
Hamburger, V. 1988. The Heritage of Experimental Embryology:
Hans Spemann and the Organizer. Oxford University Press,
Oxford.
Haremaki, T., Y. Tanaka, I. Hongo, M. Yuge, and H. Okamoto.
2003. Integration of multiple signal transducing pathways
on Fgf response elements of the Xenopus caudal homologue
Xcad3. Development. 130:4907–4917.
Hassler, C., C.M. Cruciat, Y.L. Huang, S. Kuriyama, R. Mayor, and
C. Niehrs. 2007. Kremen is required for neural crest induction in Xenopus and promotes LRP6-mediated Wnt signaling. Development. 134:4255–4263.
Hemmati-Brivanlou, A., O.G. Kelly, and D.A. Melton. 1994.
Follistatin, an antagonist of activin, is expressed in the
Spemann organizer and displays direct neuralizing activity.
Cell. 77:283–295.
Hollemann, T., Y. Chen, H. Grunz, and T. Pieler. 1998. Regionalized
metabolic activity establishes boundaries of retinoic acid signalling. EMBO J. 17:7361–7372.
Holowacz, T., and S. Sokol. 1999. FGF is required for posterior
neural patterning but not for neural induction. Dev Biol.
205:296–308.
Hongo, I., M. Kengaku, and H. Okamoto. 1999. FGF signaling
and the anterior neural induction in Xenopus. Dev Biol.
216:561–581.
In der Rieden, P.M., F.L. Vilaspasa, and A.J. Durston. 2010. Xwnt8
directly initiates expression of labial Hox genes. Dev Dyn.
239:126–139.
Isaacs, H.V., M.E. Pownall, and J.M. Slack. 1995. eFGF is
expressed in the dorsal midline of Xenopus laevis. Int J Dev
Biol. 39:575–579.
Isaacs, H.V., M.E. Pownall, and J.M. Slack. 1998. Regulation
of Hox gene expression and posterior development by the
Xenopus caudal homologue Xcad3. EMBO J. 17:3413–
3427.
Isaacs, H.V., D. Tannahill, and J.M. Slack. 1992. Expression of a
novel FGF in the Xenopus embryo: A new candidate inducing factor for mesoderm formation and anteroposterior specif cation. Development. 114:711–720.
Itoh, K., and S.Y. Sokol. 1997. Graded amounts of Xenopus dishevelled specify discrete anteroposterior cell fates in prospective
ectoderm. Mech Dev. 61:113–125.
Janesick, A., T.T. Nguyen, K. Aisaki, K. Igarashi, S. Kitajima, R.A.
Chandraratna, J. Kanno, and B. Blumberg. 2014. Active
repression by RARgamma signaling is required for vertebrate axial elongation. Development. 141:2260–2270.
Janssens, S., T. Denayer, T. Deroo, F. Van Roy, and K. Vleminckx.
2010. Direct control of Hoxd1 and Irx3 expression by Wnt/
beta-catenin signaling during anteroposterior patterning of
the neural axis in Xenopus. Int J Dev Biol. 54:1435–1442.
Kengaku, M., and H. Okamoto. 1995. bFGF as a possible morphogen for the anteroposterior axis of the central nervous system
in Xenopus. Development. 121:3121–3130.
Kimelman, D., J.A. Abraham, T. Haaparanta, T.M. Palisi, and M.W.
Kirschner. 1988. The presence of fbroblast growth factor in
the frog egg: Its role as a natural mesoderm inducer. Science.
242:1053–1056.