23
Xenopus Egg Extracts
initiation of DNA replication. Molecular Biology of the Cell
28, 2998–3012. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e17-07-0448
Kumagai, A., Shevchenko, A., Shevchenko, A., Dunphy, W.G.,
2010. Treslin collaborates with TopBP1 in triggering the initiation of DNA replication. Cell 140, 349–359. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.049
Lafont, A.L., Song, J., Rankin, S., 2010. Sororin cooperates with the
acetyltransferase Eco2 to ensure DNA replication-dependent
sister chromatid cohesion. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107,
20364–20369. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011069107
Larsen, N.B., Gao, A.O., Sparks, J.L., Gallina, I., Wu, R.A., Mann,
M., Räschle, M., Walter, J.C., Duxin, J.P., 2019. Replicationcoupled DNA-protein crosslink repair by SPRTN and the
proteasome in Xenopus egg extracts. Mol Cell 73, 574–588.
e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2018.11.024
Lee, M.G., Nurse, P., 1987. Complementation used to clone a
human homologue of the fssion yeast cell cycle control gene
cdc2. Nature 327, 31–35. https://doi.org/10.1038/327031a0
Li, F., Chen, J., Solessio, E., Gilbert, D.M., 2003. Spatial distribution and specifcation of mammalian replication origins
during G1 phase. J Cell Biology 161, 257–266. https://doi.
org/10.1083/jcb.200211127
Li, R., Murray, A.W., 1991. Feedback control of mitosis in budding yeast. Cell 66, 519–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/00928674(81)90015-5
Li, Y., Gorbea, C., Mahaffey, D., Rechsteiner, M., Benezra, R., 1997.
MAD2 associates with the cyclosome/anaphase-promoting
complex and inhibits its activity. Proc National Acad Sci 94,
12431–12436. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.23.12431
Lin, Y., Ha, A., Yan, S., 2019. DNA repair, methods and protocols. Methods Mol Biology 1999, 161–172. https://doi.org/
10.1007/978-1-4939-9500-4_9
Lörincz, A.T., Reed, S.I., 1984. Primary structure homology
between the product of yeast cell division control gene
CDC28 and vertebrate oncogenes. Nature 307, 183–185.
https://doi.org/10.1038/307183a0
Loveland, A.B., Habuchi, S., Walter, J.C., Oijen, A.M. van, 2012. A
general approach to break the concentration barrier in singlemolecule imaging. Nat Methods 9, 987–992. https://doi.org/
10.1038/nmeth.2174
Lupardus, P.J., Van, C., Cimprich, K.A., 2007. Analyzing the ATRmediated checkpoint using Xenopus egg extracts. Methods
(San Diego, Calif) 41, 222–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ymeth.2006.07.024
Lustig, K., Stukenberg, P., McGarry, T., King, R., Cryns, V., Mead, P.,
Zon, L., Yuan, J., Kirschner, M., 1997. Small pool expression
screening: Identifcation of genes involved in cell cycle control,
apoptosis, and early development. Methods Enzymol 283, 83–99.
Mahbubani, H.M., Paull, T., Eider, J.K., Blow, J.J., 1992. DNA
replication initiates at multiple sites on plasmid DNA in
Xenopus egg extracts. Nucleic Acids Res 20, 1457–1462.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/20.7.1457
Maiorano, D., Moreau, J., Méchali, M., 2000. XCDT1 is required
for the assembly of pre-replicative complexes in Xenopus laevis. Nature 404, 622–625. https://doi.org/10.1038/35007104
Marheineke, K., Goldar, A., Krude, T., Hyrien, O., 2009. Use of DNA
combing to study DNA replication in Xenopus and human cellfree systems. Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, NJ) 521,
575–603. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-815-7_33
Marheineke, K., Hyrien, O., 2004. Control of replication origin
density and fring time in Xenopus egg extracts: Role of a
caffeine-sensitive, ATR-dependent checkpoint. The Journal
of Biological Chemistry 279, 28071–28081. https://doi.org/
10.1074/jbc.m401574200
Masui, Y., Markert, C.L., 1971. Cytoplasmic control of nuclear
behavior during meiotic maturation of frog oocytes. J Exp
Zool 177, 129–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401770202
McGarry, T.J., Kirschner, M.W., 1998. Geminin, an inhibitor of
DNA replication, is degraded during mitosis. Cell 93, 1043–
1053. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81209-x
Méchali, M., Harland, R.M., 1982. DNA synthesis in a cell-free
system from Xenopus eggs: Priming and elongation on
single-stranded DNA in vitro. Cell 30, 93–101. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0092-8674(82)90015-0
Méchali, M., Kearsey, S., 1984. Lack of specifc sequence requirement for DNA replication in Xenopus eggs compared with
high sequence specifcity in yeast. Cell 38, 55–64. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0092-8674(84)90526-9
Mimura, S., Masuda, T., Matsui, T., Takisawa, H., 2000. Central
role for Cdc45 in establishing an initiation complex of DNA
replication in Xenopus egg extracts. Genes Cells 5, 439–452.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2443.2000.00340.x
Möröy, T., Geisen, C., 2004. Cyclin E. Int J Biochem Cell Biology
36, 1424–1439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2003.12.005
Moses, R.M., Masui, Y., 1989. Cytostatic factor (CSF) in the eggs
of Xenopus laevis. Exp Cell Res 185, 271–276. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0014-4827(89)90055-4
Murray, A., Kirschner, M., 1989. Cyclin synthesis drives the early
embryonic cell cycle. Nature 339, 275–280.
Murray, A., Solomon, M., Kirschner, M., 1989. The role of cyclin
synthesis and degradation in the control of maturation promoting factor activity. Nature 339, 280–286.
Novak, B., Tyson, J.J., 1993. Numerical analysis of a comprehensive model of M-phase control in Xenopus oocyte extracts
and intact embryos. J Cell Sci 106 (Pt 4), 1153–1168.
Ohtsubo, M., Roberts, J., 1993. Cyclin-dependent regulation of G1
in mammalian f broblasts. Science 259, 1908–1912. https://
doi.org/10.1126/science.8384376
Pacek, M., Tutter, A.V., Kubota, Y., Takisawa, H., Walter, J.C.,
2006. Localization of MCM2–7, Cdc45, and GINS to the
site of DNA unwinding during eukaryotic DNA replication. Molecular Cell 21, 581–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
molcel.2006.01.030
Paris, J., Guellec, R.L., Couturier, A., Guellec, K.L., Omilli, F.,
Camonis, J., MacNeill, S., Philippe, M., 1991. Cloning by
differential screening of a Xenopus cDNA coding for a protein highly homologous to cdc2. Proc National Acad Sci 88,
1039–1043. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.3.1039
Peng, A., Lewellyn, A.L., Maller, J.L., 2008. DNA damage signaling in early Xenopus embryos. Cell Cycle 7, 3–6. https://doi.
org/10.4161/cc.7.1.5157
Pérez-Mongiovi, D., Chang, P., Houliston, E., 1998. A propagated
wave of MPF activation accompanies surface contraction
waves at frst mitosis in Xenopus. J Cell Sci 111 (Pt 3),
385–393.
Pfeger, C., Kirschner, M., 2000. The KEN box: An APC recognition signal distinct from the D box targeted by Cdh1. Genes &
Development 14, 655–665.
Pomerening, J.R., Kim, S.Y., Ferrell, J.E., 2005. Systems-level
dissection of the cell-cycle oscillator: Bypassing positive
feedback produces damped oscillations. Cell 122, 565–578.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.06.016
Pope, B.D., Aparicio, O.M., Gilbert, D.M., 2013. SnapShot:
Replication timing. Cell 152, 1390–1390.e1. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.038
Rankin, S., Ayad, N.G., Kirschner, M.W., 2005. Sororin, a substrate of the anaphase-promoting complex, is required for
sister chromatid cohesion in vertebrates. Molecular Cell 18,
185–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2005.03.017
Xenopus Egg Extracts
initiation of DNA replication. Molecular Biology of the Cell
28, 2998–3012. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e17-07-0448
Kumagai, A., Shevchenko, A., Shevchenko, A., Dunphy, W.G.,
2010. Treslin collaborates with TopBP1 in triggering the initiation of DNA replication. Cell 140, 349–359. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.049
Lafont, A.L., Song, J., Rankin, S., 2010. Sororin cooperates with the
acetyltransferase Eco2 to ensure DNA replication-dependent
sister chromatid cohesion. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107,
20364–20369. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011069107
Larsen, N.B., Gao, A.O., Sparks, J.L., Gallina, I., Wu, R.A., Mann,
M., Räschle, M., Walter, J.C., Duxin, J.P., 2019. Replicationcoupled DNA-protein crosslink repair by SPRTN and the
proteasome in Xenopus egg extracts. Mol Cell 73, 574–588.
e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2018.11.024
Lee, M.G., Nurse, P., 1987. Complementation used to clone a
human homologue of the fssion yeast cell cycle control gene
cdc2. Nature 327, 31–35. https://doi.org/10.1038/327031a0
Li, F., Chen, J., Solessio, E., Gilbert, D.M., 2003. Spatial distribution and specifcation of mammalian replication origins
during G1 phase. J Cell Biology 161, 257–266. https://doi.
org/10.1083/jcb.200211127
Li, R., Murray, A.W., 1991. Feedback control of mitosis in budding yeast. Cell 66, 519–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/00928674(81)90015-5
Li, Y., Gorbea, C., Mahaffey, D., Rechsteiner, M., Benezra, R., 1997.
MAD2 associates with the cyclosome/anaphase-promoting
complex and inhibits its activity. Proc National Acad Sci 94,
12431–12436. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.23.12431
Lin, Y., Ha, A., Yan, S., 2019. DNA repair, methods and protocols. Methods Mol Biology 1999, 161–172. https://doi.org/
10.1007/978-1-4939-9500-4_9
Lörincz, A.T., Reed, S.I., 1984. Primary structure homology
between the product of yeast cell division control gene
CDC28 and vertebrate oncogenes. Nature 307, 183–185.
https://doi.org/10.1038/307183a0
Loveland, A.B., Habuchi, S., Walter, J.C., Oijen, A.M. van, 2012. A
general approach to break the concentration barrier in singlemolecule imaging. Nat Methods 9, 987–992. https://doi.org/
10.1038/nmeth.2174
Lupardus, P.J., Van, C., Cimprich, K.A., 2007. Analyzing the ATRmediated checkpoint using Xenopus egg extracts. Methods
(San Diego, Calif) 41, 222–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ymeth.2006.07.024
Lustig, K., Stukenberg, P., McGarry, T., King, R., Cryns, V., Mead, P.,
Zon, L., Yuan, J., Kirschner, M., 1997. Small pool expression
screening: Identifcation of genes involved in cell cycle control,
apoptosis, and early development. Methods Enzymol 283, 83–99.
Mahbubani, H.M., Paull, T., Eider, J.K., Blow, J.J., 1992. DNA
replication initiates at multiple sites on plasmid DNA in
Xenopus egg extracts. Nucleic Acids Res 20, 1457–1462.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/20.7.1457
Maiorano, D., Moreau, J., Méchali, M., 2000. XCDT1 is required
for the assembly of pre-replicative complexes in Xenopus laevis. Nature 404, 622–625. https://doi.org/10.1038/35007104
Marheineke, K., Goldar, A., Krude, T., Hyrien, O., 2009. Use of DNA
combing to study DNA replication in Xenopus and human cellfree systems. Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, NJ) 521,
575–603. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-815-7_33
Marheineke, K., Hyrien, O., 2004. Control of replication origin
density and fring time in Xenopus egg extracts: Role of a
caffeine-sensitive, ATR-dependent checkpoint. The Journal
of Biological Chemistry 279, 28071–28081. https://doi.org/
10.1074/jbc.m401574200
Masui, Y., Markert, C.L., 1971. Cytoplasmic control of nuclear
behavior during meiotic maturation of frog oocytes. J Exp
Zool 177, 129–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401770202
McGarry, T.J., Kirschner, M.W., 1998. Geminin, an inhibitor of
DNA replication, is degraded during mitosis. Cell 93, 1043–
1053. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81209-x
Méchali, M., Harland, R.M., 1982. DNA synthesis in a cell-free
system from Xenopus eggs: Priming and elongation on
single-stranded DNA in vitro. Cell 30, 93–101. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0092-8674(82)90015-0
Méchali, M., Kearsey, S., 1984. Lack of specifc sequence requirement for DNA replication in Xenopus eggs compared with
high sequence specifcity in yeast. Cell 38, 55–64. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0092-8674(84)90526-9
Mimura, S., Masuda, T., Matsui, T., Takisawa, H., 2000. Central
role for Cdc45 in establishing an initiation complex of DNA
replication in Xenopus egg extracts. Genes Cells 5, 439–452.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2443.2000.00340.x
Möröy, T., Geisen, C., 2004. Cyclin E. Int J Biochem Cell Biology
36, 1424–1439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2003.12.005
Moses, R.M., Masui, Y., 1989. Cytostatic factor (CSF) in the eggs
of Xenopus laevis. Exp Cell Res 185, 271–276. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0014-4827(89)90055-4
Murray, A., Kirschner, M., 1989. Cyclin synthesis drives the early
embryonic cell cycle. Nature 339, 275–280.
Murray, A., Solomon, M., Kirschner, M., 1989. The role of cyclin
synthesis and degradation in the control of maturation promoting factor activity. Nature 339, 280–286.
Novak, B., Tyson, J.J., 1993. Numerical analysis of a comprehensive model of M-phase control in Xenopus oocyte extracts
and intact embryos. J Cell Sci 106 (Pt 4), 1153–1168.
Ohtsubo, M., Roberts, J., 1993. Cyclin-dependent regulation of G1
in mammalian f broblasts. Science 259, 1908–1912. https://
doi.org/10.1126/science.8384376
Pacek, M., Tutter, A.V., Kubota, Y., Takisawa, H., Walter, J.C.,
2006. Localization of MCM2–7, Cdc45, and GINS to the
site of DNA unwinding during eukaryotic DNA replication. Molecular Cell 21, 581–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
molcel.2006.01.030
Paris, J., Guellec, R.L., Couturier, A., Guellec, K.L., Omilli, F.,
Camonis, J., MacNeill, S., Philippe, M., 1991. Cloning by
differential screening of a Xenopus cDNA coding for a protein highly homologous to cdc2. Proc National Acad Sci 88,
1039–1043. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.3.1039
Peng, A., Lewellyn, A.L., Maller, J.L., 2008. DNA damage signaling in early Xenopus embryos. Cell Cycle 7, 3–6. https://doi.
org/10.4161/cc.7.1.5157
Pérez-Mongiovi, D., Chang, P., Houliston, E., 1998. A propagated
wave of MPF activation accompanies surface contraction
waves at frst mitosis in Xenopus. J Cell Sci 111 (Pt 3),
385–393.
Pfeger, C., Kirschner, M., 2000. The KEN box: An APC recognition signal distinct from the D box targeted by Cdh1. Genes &
Development 14, 655–665.
Pomerening, J.R., Kim, S.Y., Ferrell, J.E., 2005. Systems-level
dissection of the cell-cycle oscillator: Bypassing positive
feedback produces damped oscillations. Cell 122, 565–578.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.06.016
Pope, B.D., Aparicio, O.M., Gilbert, D.M., 2013. SnapShot:
Replication timing. Cell 152, 1390–1390.e1. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.038
Rankin, S., Ayad, N.G., Kirschner, M.W., 2005. Sororin, a substrate of the anaphase-promoting complex, is required for
sister chromatid cohesion in vertebrates. Molecular Cell 18,
185–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2005.03.017