342
Index
Malformations, 250, 251
Maller, Jim, 9
Mammalian nuclear transfer, 327–328
Mammary adenocarcinomas, induction, 301
Mangold, Hilde, 43
Mangold, Otto, 52
MAPK phosphorylation, impact, 47
MAPK signaling, decrease, 133
Marginal zone (MZ)
contribution, 90–91
dorsal descendants, allocation, 98
Mass spectrometry (MS)
MS-based proteomics, 197
Xenopus MS spectrometry, usage, 198
Mastermind-like (MAML) co-activator,
recruitment, 78
Masui, Yoshio, 9
Maternal chromosomes, loss, 211
Maternal cytokeratin (krt8.l) mRNA,
depletion, 29
Maternal ectoderm specifying pathway, zygotic
transcription factors (identif cation), 30
Maternal effect mutation, 28–29
Maternal gene function, analysis, 28–29
Maternal gene plasm, assembly, 33–34
Maternal mRNAs, 25
depletion studies, 32
localized maternal mRNAs, 26–27
molecular characterization, 26–28
obtaining, cell-free translation assays
(usage), 26
Maternal pre-pattern phase, 261–263
Maternal protein dowry, synthesis, 203
Maternal RNA, enrichment, 187
Maternal T-box transcription factor,
importance, 187
Maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT), 29
Maturation promoting factor (MPF)
activation, prevention, 20
characterization, 14–15
def nition, 14
kinase activity, change, 18
kinase activity, increase/sustaining, 14
Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY),
260, 268
Maxwell, A.K., 4, 6
Mdm2 binding protein (MTBP), usage, 19
Medaka (Oryzias latipes)
biomedical research usage, 315
male sex-determining gene, 161
Medulloblastomas, 304
Megadalton (MDa) NPCs, 238
Melanocytes, impact, 131
Membrane, canonical Wnt signaling, 66, 68
Mendelian inheritance, 250, 251
Mesendoderm
induction in vivo (blocking), CerS (usage), 30
regulation, GRN (impact), 186
Mesoderm
maternal control, 29–30
specifcation, gene regulatory networks
(usage), 187
specif cation, hes7.3/esr5 promotion/hes5.1
inhibition, 95, 98
Mesodermal lineage, formation, 186
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
concentration, proportion, 201
Dand5 mRNA, post-transcriptional
regulation, 228
decay, 228
expression, 293
germ plasm mRNAs, study, 33
heterologous mRNAs, expression, 29
localization mechanisms, 27–28
microinjection, 208
mRNA-encoding mediators, ventral
injection, 302
preparation/selection, 144
Metabolic regulation, 295–296
Metaclusters, presence, 191
Methylcytosine-binding protein 2 (MECP2)
genes, mutations, 147
Microglia/macrophage activation, regulation, 295
Mid-blastula transition (MBT), 29
impact, 56
Midbrain-hindbrain boundary, 102, 105, 107
Midbrain/hindbrain boundary (MHB), 107
establishment, hes genes (impact), 110
Miller syndrome, 250
Mini chromosome Maintenance 2-7 (MCM2-7)
protein complex, recruitment, 18
Mitochondrial DNA, discovery, 9
Mitotic Cyclin (Cyclin Δ90), N terminus
deletion (impact), 15
Mitotic entry, prevention, 16
Mix/Bix clusters, 165
Mix/Bix family clusters, 263
mix/bix gene clusters, sequence determination,
158
Model organisms, 3
whole genome sequences (publications), 157
Modifed dual-component GAL4-UAS system,
usage, 209
Modifed two-signal hypothesis, articulation, 53
Molecular biological studies, usage, 54–58
Molecular biology
neural crest development, insights, 127–131
Molecular biology, Xenopus (usage), 9
Molecular cloning technology, advances, 26–27
Monoubiquitylation, 332
Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 43, 77
Moriyama, Yuki, 45–46
Morphogenesis, Wnt signaling, 65
Morpholino-based depletion, 31
Morpholino knockdown, usage, 33
Morpholino oligonucleotide (MO), 245
anti-sense MO, usage, 226, 228
usage, 45
Mosaic development, 25
Mouse embryonic f broblasts (MEFs),
pluripotency (induction), 331
Mouse ES cells, differentiation, 178
Mouse inbred lines, 315
Mouth
cellular organization, 247
facial structure, 246–249
formation, conservation, 246–247
formation, Xenopus model, 247, 249
opening, sagittal views, 248
MS1 ion-current, usage, 201
Multi-pass membrane proteins, regulation, 239
Murine transthyretin promoter, usage, 209–210
Museum d'Histoire, 4
Mutagenesis screens, X. tropicalis usage, 157
Mutant alleles, impact, 77
Mutate genes, cluster feature, 163
myh6 nonsense mutation, impact, 211
N
Nakamura, Osamu, 8–9
Nanorana parkeri (orthologous genes), 165
National Center for Biotechnology Information
(NCBI), 260
Natural cell cycle arrests, strengths, 202
Natural genetic variation/disease implications
feld, summary, 314–315
present state, 316–320
study model, 313
Naturally occurring tumors, 302
Natural size polymorphism, Xenopus laevis
genetic variation (relationship), 318
Natural stimulation paradigms, 284
Natürliches System der Amphibien (Wagler), 4
Near genes, heterochromatin marks, 180
Negative autoregulation subcircuits,
occurrence, 189
Neural border/descendants
hes genes, role, 108–109
notch pathway, core components, 106
Neural crest
derivatives, examples, 132
developmental mechanisms, knowledge, 125
development/evolution, 125
development, insights, 127–131
development, knowledge, 133–134
ectoderm, appearance, 186
EMT control, 130
EMT/migration, 129–130
GRN regulation, novel/non-canonical genes
(importance), 129
lineage diversif cation, 130–131
migration, extracellular environment active
remodeling (requirement), 130
ontogeny, 127
pluripotency, insights, 132
potential, origins, 131–133
research, amphibian models (importance),
126
stem cells, establishment, 129
Xenopus, contributions, 246
Neural crest cells (NCCs)
appearance, 102, 105
blastula stem cells, shared feature, 133
development, Hes4 development, 105, 107
differentiation, 247
progenitor derivation, 239
Neural crest cell transcription factors (NCCTFs), encoding, 105
Neural crest-derived head skeleton, formation
(requirements), 131
Neural crest progenitors, 127–129
induction, 247
Neural ectoderm, induction, 9
Neural induction, 47
Neural plate border (NB)
development, Hes4 role, 105, 107
establishment, 127–129
midbrain-hindbrain boundary, 102, 105,
107
neural crest progenitor induction, 247
region, characterization, 128
Neural progenitor stem cells (NSPCs)
maintenance/differentiation, metabolism
regulation, 296
presence, 294
proliferation, 290, 293
role, 289
Neural stem/progenitor cells, role, 293–294
Neural systems, examples, 280–281
Neural tissues
AP patterning, 56–57
induction, mesoderm (impact), 52
Index
Malformations, 250, 251
Maller, Jim, 9
Mammalian nuclear transfer, 327–328
Mammary adenocarcinomas, induction, 301
Mangold, Hilde, 43
Mangold, Otto, 52
MAPK phosphorylation, impact, 47
MAPK signaling, decrease, 133
Marginal zone (MZ)
contribution, 90–91
dorsal descendants, allocation, 98
Mass spectrometry (MS)
MS-based proteomics, 197
Xenopus MS spectrometry, usage, 198
Mastermind-like (MAML) co-activator,
recruitment, 78
Masui, Yoshio, 9
Maternal chromosomes, loss, 211
Maternal cytokeratin (krt8.l) mRNA,
depletion, 29
Maternal ectoderm specifying pathway, zygotic
transcription factors (identif cation), 30
Maternal effect mutation, 28–29
Maternal gene function, analysis, 28–29
Maternal gene plasm, assembly, 33–34
Maternal mRNAs, 25
depletion studies, 32
localized maternal mRNAs, 26–27
molecular characterization, 26–28
obtaining, cell-free translation assays
(usage), 26
Maternal pre-pattern phase, 261–263
Maternal protein dowry, synthesis, 203
Maternal RNA, enrichment, 187
Maternal T-box transcription factor,
importance, 187
Maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT), 29
Maturation promoting factor (MPF)
activation, prevention, 20
characterization, 14–15
def nition, 14
kinase activity, change, 18
kinase activity, increase/sustaining, 14
Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY),
260, 268
Maxwell, A.K., 4, 6
Mdm2 binding protein (MTBP), usage, 19
Medaka (Oryzias latipes)
biomedical research usage, 315
male sex-determining gene, 161
Medulloblastomas, 304
Megadalton (MDa) NPCs, 238
Melanocytes, impact, 131
Membrane, canonical Wnt signaling, 66, 68
Mendelian inheritance, 250, 251
Mesendoderm
induction in vivo (blocking), CerS (usage), 30
regulation, GRN (impact), 186
Mesoderm
maternal control, 29–30
specifcation, gene regulatory networks
(usage), 187
specif cation, hes7.3/esr5 promotion/hes5.1
inhibition, 95, 98
Mesodermal lineage, formation, 186
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
concentration, proportion, 201
Dand5 mRNA, post-transcriptional
regulation, 228
decay, 228
expression, 293
germ plasm mRNAs, study, 33
heterologous mRNAs, expression, 29
localization mechanisms, 27–28
microinjection, 208
mRNA-encoding mediators, ventral
injection, 302
preparation/selection, 144
Metabolic regulation, 295–296
Metaclusters, presence, 191
Methylcytosine-binding protein 2 (MECP2)
genes, mutations, 147
Microglia/macrophage activation, regulation, 295
Mid-blastula transition (MBT), 29
impact, 56
Midbrain-hindbrain boundary, 102, 105, 107
Midbrain/hindbrain boundary (MHB), 107
establishment, hes genes (impact), 110
Miller syndrome, 250
Mini chromosome Maintenance 2-7 (MCM2-7)
protein complex, recruitment, 18
Mitochondrial DNA, discovery, 9
Mitotic Cyclin (Cyclin Δ90), N terminus
deletion (impact), 15
Mitotic entry, prevention, 16
Mix/Bix clusters, 165
Mix/Bix family clusters, 263
mix/bix gene clusters, sequence determination,
158
Model organisms, 3
whole genome sequences (publications), 157
Modifed dual-component GAL4-UAS system,
usage, 209
Modifed two-signal hypothesis, articulation, 53
Molecular biological studies, usage, 54–58
Molecular biology
neural crest development, insights, 127–131
Molecular biology, Xenopus (usage), 9
Molecular cloning technology, advances, 26–27
Monoubiquitylation, 332
Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 43, 77
Moriyama, Yuki, 45–46
Morphogenesis, Wnt signaling, 65
Morpholino-based depletion, 31
Morpholino knockdown, usage, 33
Morpholino oligonucleotide (MO), 245
anti-sense MO, usage, 226, 228
usage, 45
Mosaic development, 25
Mouse embryonic f broblasts (MEFs),
pluripotency (induction), 331
Mouse ES cells, differentiation, 178
Mouse inbred lines, 315
Mouth
cellular organization, 247
facial structure, 246–249
formation, conservation, 246–247
formation, Xenopus model, 247, 249
opening, sagittal views, 248
MS1 ion-current, usage, 201
Multi-pass membrane proteins, regulation, 239
Murine transthyretin promoter, usage, 209–210
Museum d'Histoire, 4
Mutagenesis screens, X. tropicalis usage, 157
Mutant alleles, impact, 77
Mutate genes, cluster feature, 163
myh6 nonsense mutation, impact, 211
N
Nakamura, Osamu, 8–9
Nanorana parkeri (orthologous genes), 165
National Center for Biotechnology Information
(NCBI), 260
Natural cell cycle arrests, strengths, 202
Natural genetic variation/disease implications
feld, summary, 314–315
present state, 316–320
study model, 313
Naturally occurring tumors, 302
Natural size polymorphism, Xenopus laevis
genetic variation (relationship), 318
Natural stimulation paradigms, 284
Natürliches System der Amphibien (Wagler), 4
Near genes, heterochromatin marks, 180
Negative autoregulation subcircuits,
occurrence, 189
Neural border/descendants
hes genes, role, 108–109
notch pathway, core components, 106
Neural crest
derivatives, examples, 132
developmental mechanisms, knowledge, 125
development/evolution, 125
development, insights, 127–131
development, knowledge, 133–134
ectoderm, appearance, 186
EMT control, 130
EMT/migration, 129–130
GRN regulation, novel/non-canonical genes
(importance), 129
lineage diversif cation, 130–131
migration, extracellular environment active
remodeling (requirement), 130
ontogeny, 127
pluripotency, insights, 132
potential, origins, 131–133
research, amphibian models (importance),
126
stem cells, establishment, 129
Xenopus, contributions, 246
Neural crest cells (NCCs)
appearance, 102, 105
blastula stem cells, shared feature, 133
development, Hes4 development, 105, 107
differentiation, 247
progenitor derivation, 239
Neural crest cell transcription factors (NCCTFs), encoding, 105
Neural crest-derived head skeleton, formation
(requirements), 131
Neural crest progenitors, 127–129
induction, 247
Neural ectoderm, induction, 9
Neural induction, 47
Neural plate border (NB)
development, Hes4 role, 105, 107
establishment, 127–129
midbrain-hindbrain boundary, 102, 105,
107
neural crest progenitor induction, 247
region, characterization, 128
Neural progenitor stem cells (NSPCs)
maintenance/differentiation, metabolism
regulation, 296
presence, 294
proliferation, 290, 293
role, 289
Neural stem/progenitor cells, role, 293–294
Neural systems, examples, 280–281
Neural tissues
AP patterning, 56–57
induction, mesoderm (impact), 52