299
Understanding Spinal Cord Regeneration
Love, Nick R., Mathias Ziegler, Yaoyao Chen, and Enrique Amaya.
2014. Carbohydrate metabolism during vertebrate appendage regeneration: What is its role? How is it regulated? A
postulation that regenerating vertebrate appendages facilitate
glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways to fuel macromolecule biosynthesis. Bioessays 36 (1):27–33.
Meletis, Konstantinos, Fanie Barnabé-Heider, Marie Carlén, et al.
2008. Spinal cord injury reveals multilineage differentiation
of ependymal cells. PLoS Biol 6 (7):e182.
Méndez-Olivos, Emilio E., Rosana Muñoz, and Juan Larraín. 2017.
Spinal cord cells from pre-metamorphic stages differentiate
into neurons and promote axon growth and regeneration
after transplantation into the injured spinal cord of nonregenerative Xenopus laevis froglets. Frontiers in Cellular
Neuroscience 11:398.
Michel, Mary Ellen, and Paul J. Reier. 1979. Axonal-ependymal
associations during early regeneration of the transected spinal
cord in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Journal of Neurocytology 8
(5):529–548.
Muñoz, Rosana, Gabriela Edwards-Faret, Mauricio Moreno, Nikole
Zuñiga, Hollis Cline, and Juan Larraín. 2015. Regeneration
of Xenopus laevis spinal cord requires Sox2/3 expressing
cells. Developmental Biology 408 (2):229–243.
Nakajima, Keisuke, and Yoshio Yaoita. 2015. Highly eff cient gene
knockout by injection of TALEN mRNAs into oocytes and
host transfer in Xenopus laevis. Biology Open 4 (2):180–185.
Nakayama, Takuya, Robert M. Grainger, and Sang-Wook Cha.
2020. Simple embryo injection of long single-stranded donor
templates with the CRISPR/Cas9 system leads to homologydirected repair in Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis.
Genesis 58 (6):e23366.
Nieuwkoop, Pieter D., and Jacob Faber. 1994. Normal table of
Xenopus laevis (Daudin). New York: Garland Publishing,
Inc. ISBN 0-8153-1896-0.
Organization, World Health, and International Spinal Cord Society.
2013. International Perspectives on Spinal Cord Injury.
Geneva: World Health Organization.
O’Shea, Timothy M., Joshua E. Burda, and Michael V. Sofroniew.
2017. Cell biology of spinal cord injury and repair. The
Journal of Clinical Investigation 127 (9):3259–3270.
Pellettieri, Jason, Patrick Fitzgerald, Shigeki Watanabe, Joel
Mancuso, Douglas R. Green, and Alejandro Sánchez
Alvarado. 2010. Cell death and tissue remodeling in planarian regeneration. Developmental Biology 338 (1):76–85.
Pevny, Larysa H., and Silvia K. Nicolis. 2010. Sox2 roles in neural
stem cells. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell
Biology 42 (3):421–424.
Phipps, Lauren S., Lindsey Marshall, Karel Dorey, and Enrique
Amaya. 2020. Model systems for regeneration: Xenopus.
Development 147 (6).
Piatt, Jean. 1955. Regeneration of the spinal cord in the salamander.
Journal of Experimental Zoology 129 (1):177–207.
Quadri, Syed A., Mudassir Farooqui, Asad Ikram, et al. 2020.
Recent update on basic mechanisms of spinal cord injury.
Neurosurgical Review 43 (2):425–441.
Rafalski, Victoria A., Elena Mancini, and Anne Brunet. 2012.
Energy metabolism and energy-sensing pathways in mammalian embryonic and adult stem cell fate. Journal of Cell
Science 125 (23):5597–5608.
Ryoo, Hyung Don, Travis Gorenc, and Hermann Steller. 2004.
Apoptotic cells can induce compensatory cell proliferation
through the JNK and the Wingless signaling pathways.
Developmental Cell 7 (4):491–501.
Sabelström, Hanna, Moa Stenudd, Pedro Réu, et al. 2013. Resident neural stem cells restrict tissue damage and neuronal
loss after spinal cord injury in mice. Science 342 (6158):
637–640.
Session, Adam M., Yoshinobu Uno, Taejoon Kwon, et al. 2016.
Genome evolution in the allotetraploid frog Xenopus laevis.
Nature 538 (7625):336–343.
Shihabuddin, Lamya S., Philip J. Horner, Jasodhara Ray, and Fred
H. Gage. 2000. Adult spinal cord stem cells generate neurons
after transplantation in the adult dentate gyrus. Journal of
Neuroscience 20 (23):8727–8735.
Sillar, Keith T., Denis Combes, Sankari Ramanathan, Micol
Molinari, and John Simmers. 2008. Neuromodulation and
developmental plasticity in the locomotor system of anuran
amphibians during metamorphosis. Brain Research Reviews
57 (1):94–102.
Sims, R.T. 1962. Transection of the spinal cord in developing
Xenopus laevis. Development 10 (2):115–126.
Slack, J.M., G. Lin, and Y. Chen. 2008. The Xenopus tadpole: A
new model for regeneration research. Cellular and Molecular
Life Sciences: CMLS 65 (1):54–63.
Slater, Paula G, and Larraín, Juan. 2021. Spinal Cord Transection In
Xenopus laevis Tadpoles. Journal of Visualized Experiments
(178), e63276.
Spallanzani, Lazzaro. 1768. Prodromo di un’opera da imprimersi
sopra le riproduzioni animali. In Modena: Nella Stamperia
di Giovanni Montanari. Italy.
Stefanelli, Alberto. 1951. I fenomeni rigenerativi e degenerativi
del midollo spinale caudale degli Anfbi e dei Rettili. Italian
Journal of Zoology 18 (4–6):279–290.
Thuret, Raphaël, Hélène Auger, and Nancy Papalopulu. 2015.
Analysis of neural progenitors from embryogenesis to juvenile adult in Xenopus laevis reveals biphasic neurogenesis
and continuous lengthening of the cell cycle. Biology Open
4 (12):1772–1781.
Thuret, Sandrine, Lawrence D.F. Moon, and Fred H. Gage. 2006.
Therapeutic interventions after spinal cord injury. Nature
Reviews Neuroscience 7 (8):628.
Tsarouchas, Themistoklis M., Daniel Wehner, Leonardo Cavone,
et al. 2018. Dynamic control of proinf ammatory cytokines
Il-1β and Tnf-α by macrophages in zebrafsh spinal cord
regeneration. Nature Communications 9 (1):1–17.
Tseng, Ai-Sun, Dany S. Adams, Dayong Qiu, Punita Koustubhan,
and Michael Levin. 2007. Apoptosis is required during early
stages of tail regeneration in Xenopus laevis. Developmental
Biology 301 (1):62–69.
Vander Heiden, Matthew G., Lewis C. Cantley, and Craig B.
Thompson. 2009. Understanding the Warburg effect: The
metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science 324
(5930):1029–1033.
Van Mier, P., H.W.J. Joosten, R. Van Rheden, and H.J. Ten
Donkelaar. 1986. The development of serotonergic raphespinal projections in Xenopus laevis. International Journal of
Developmental Neuroscience 4 (5):465–475.
Watson, Charles, George Paxinos, and Gulgun Kayalioglu. 2009.
The spinal cord: A Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation
text and atlas. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
Zhang, Hongbo, Keir J. Menzies, and Johan Auwerx. 2018. The role of
mitochondria in stem cell fate and aging. Development 145 (8).
Zukor, Katherine A., David T. Kent, and Shannon J. Odelberg.
2011. Meningeal cells and glia establish a permissive environment for axon regeneration after spinal cord injury in
newts. Neural Development 6 (1):1–23.
Zupanc, Günther K.H., and Ruxandra F. Sîrbulescu. 2011. Adult
neurogenesis and neuronal regeneration in the central nervous
system of teleost f sh. European Journal of Neuroscience 34
(6):917–929.
Understanding Spinal Cord Regeneration
Love, Nick R., Mathias Ziegler, Yaoyao Chen, and Enrique Amaya.
2014. Carbohydrate metabolism during vertebrate appendage regeneration: What is its role? How is it regulated? A
postulation that regenerating vertebrate appendages facilitate
glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways to fuel macromolecule biosynthesis. Bioessays 36 (1):27–33.
Meletis, Konstantinos, Fanie Barnabé-Heider, Marie Carlén, et al.
2008. Spinal cord injury reveals multilineage differentiation
of ependymal cells. PLoS Biol 6 (7):e182.
Méndez-Olivos, Emilio E., Rosana Muñoz, and Juan Larraín. 2017.
Spinal cord cells from pre-metamorphic stages differentiate
into neurons and promote axon growth and regeneration
after transplantation into the injured spinal cord of nonregenerative Xenopus laevis froglets. Frontiers in Cellular
Neuroscience 11:398.
Michel, Mary Ellen, and Paul J. Reier. 1979. Axonal-ependymal
associations during early regeneration of the transected spinal
cord in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Journal of Neurocytology 8
(5):529–548.
Muñoz, Rosana, Gabriela Edwards-Faret, Mauricio Moreno, Nikole
Zuñiga, Hollis Cline, and Juan Larraín. 2015. Regeneration
of Xenopus laevis spinal cord requires Sox2/3 expressing
cells. Developmental Biology 408 (2):229–243.
Nakajima, Keisuke, and Yoshio Yaoita. 2015. Highly eff cient gene
knockout by injection of TALEN mRNAs into oocytes and
host transfer in Xenopus laevis. Biology Open 4 (2):180–185.
Nakayama, Takuya, Robert M. Grainger, and Sang-Wook Cha.
2020. Simple embryo injection of long single-stranded donor
templates with the CRISPR/Cas9 system leads to homologydirected repair in Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis.
Genesis 58 (6):e23366.
Nieuwkoop, Pieter D., and Jacob Faber. 1994. Normal table of
Xenopus laevis (Daudin). New York: Garland Publishing,
Inc. ISBN 0-8153-1896-0.
Organization, World Health, and International Spinal Cord Society.
2013. International Perspectives on Spinal Cord Injury.
Geneva: World Health Organization.
O’Shea, Timothy M., Joshua E. Burda, and Michael V. Sofroniew.
2017. Cell biology of spinal cord injury and repair. The
Journal of Clinical Investigation 127 (9):3259–3270.
Pellettieri, Jason, Patrick Fitzgerald, Shigeki Watanabe, Joel
Mancuso, Douglas R. Green, and Alejandro Sánchez
Alvarado. 2010. Cell death and tissue remodeling in planarian regeneration. Developmental Biology 338 (1):76–85.
Pevny, Larysa H., and Silvia K. Nicolis. 2010. Sox2 roles in neural
stem cells. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell
Biology 42 (3):421–424.
Phipps, Lauren S., Lindsey Marshall, Karel Dorey, and Enrique
Amaya. 2020. Model systems for regeneration: Xenopus.
Development 147 (6).
Piatt, Jean. 1955. Regeneration of the spinal cord in the salamander.
Journal of Experimental Zoology 129 (1):177–207.
Quadri, Syed A., Mudassir Farooqui, Asad Ikram, et al. 2020.
Recent update on basic mechanisms of spinal cord injury.
Neurosurgical Review 43 (2):425–441.
Rafalski, Victoria A., Elena Mancini, and Anne Brunet. 2012.
Energy metabolism and energy-sensing pathways in mammalian embryonic and adult stem cell fate. Journal of Cell
Science 125 (23):5597–5608.
Ryoo, Hyung Don, Travis Gorenc, and Hermann Steller. 2004.
Apoptotic cells can induce compensatory cell proliferation
through the JNK and the Wingless signaling pathways.
Developmental Cell 7 (4):491–501.
Sabelström, Hanna, Moa Stenudd, Pedro Réu, et al. 2013. Resident neural stem cells restrict tissue damage and neuronal
loss after spinal cord injury in mice. Science 342 (6158):
637–640.
Session, Adam M., Yoshinobu Uno, Taejoon Kwon, et al. 2016.
Genome evolution in the allotetraploid frog Xenopus laevis.
Nature 538 (7625):336–343.
Shihabuddin, Lamya S., Philip J. Horner, Jasodhara Ray, and Fred
H. Gage. 2000. Adult spinal cord stem cells generate neurons
after transplantation in the adult dentate gyrus. Journal of
Neuroscience 20 (23):8727–8735.
Sillar, Keith T., Denis Combes, Sankari Ramanathan, Micol
Molinari, and John Simmers. 2008. Neuromodulation and
developmental plasticity in the locomotor system of anuran
amphibians during metamorphosis. Brain Research Reviews
57 (1):94–102.
Sims, R.T. 1962. Transection of the spinal cord in developing
Xenopus laevis. Development 10 (2):115–126.
Slack, J.M., G. Lin, and Y. Chen. 2008. The Xenopus tadpole: A
new model for regeneration research. Cellular and Molecular
Life Sciences: CMLS 65 (1):54–63.
Slater, Paula G, and Larraín, Juan. 2021. Spinal Cord Transection In
Xenopus laevis Tadpoles. Journal of Visualized Experiments
(178), e63276.
Spallanzani, Lazzaro. 1768. Prodromo di un’opera da imprimersi
sopra le riproduzioni animali. In Modena: Nella Stamperia
di Giovanni Montanari. Italy.
Stefanelli, Alberto. 1951. I fenomeni rigenerativi e degenerativi
del midollo spinale caudale degli Anfbi e dei Rettili. Italian
Journal of Zoology 18 (4–6):279–290.
Thuret, Raphaël, Hélène Auger, and Nancy Papalopulu. 2015.
Analysis of neural progenitors from embryogenesis to juvenile adult in Xenopus laevis reveals biphasic neurogenesis
and continuous lengthening of the cell cycle. Biology Open
4 (12):1772–1781.
Thuret, Sandrine, Lawrence D.F. Moon, and Fred H. Gage. 2006.
Therapeutic interventions after spinal cord injury. Nature
Reviews Neuroscience 7 (8):628.
Tsarouchas, Themistoklis M., Daniel Wehner, Leonardo Cavone,
et al. 2018. Dynamic control of proinf ammatory cytokines
Il-1β and Tnf-α by macrophages in zebrafsh spinal cord
regeneration. Nature Communications 9 (1):1–17.
Tseng, Ai-Sun, Dany S. Adams, Dayong Qiu, Punita Koustubhan,
and Michael Levin. 2007. Apoptosis is required during early
stages of tail regeneration in Xenopus laevis. Developmental
Biology 301 (1):62–69.
Vander Heiden, Matthew G., Lewis C. Cantley, and Craig B.
Thompson. 2009. Understanding the Warburg effect: The
metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science 324
(5930):1029–1033.
Van Mier, P., H.W.J. Joosten, R. Van Rheden, and H.J. Ten
Donkelaar. 1986. The development of serotonergic raphespinal projections in Xenopus laevis. International Journal of
Developmental Neuroscience 4 (5):465–475.
Watson, Charles, George Paxinos, and Gulgun Kayalioglu. 2009.
The spinal cord: A Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation
text and atlas. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
Zhang, Hongbo, Keir J. Menzies, and Johan Auwerx. 2018. The role of
mitochondria in stem cell fate and aging. Development 145 (8).
Zukor, Katherine A., David T. Kent, and Shannon J. Odelberg.
2011. Meningeal cells and glia establish a permissive environment for axon regeneration after spinal cord injury in
newts. Neural Development 6 (1):1–23.
Zupanc, Günther K.H., and Ruxandra F. Sîrbulescu. 2011. Adult
neurogenesis and neuronal regeneration in the central nervous
system of teleost f sh. European Journal of Neuroscience 34
(6):917–929.