216
Xenopus
information. The NXR is funded by grants from the National
Institutes of Health (P40OD010997, R24OD030008, and
R01HD084409). The EXRC is supported by grants from the
Wellcome Trust (212942/Z/18/Z) and BBSRC (BB/R014841/1).
REFERENCES
Abu-Daya, A., Khokha, M.K., and Zimmerman, L.B. (2012). The
hitchhiker’s guide to Xenopus genetics. Genesis (New York,
NY: 2000) 50, 164–175.
Abu-Daya, A., Nishimoto, S., Fairclough, L., Mohun, T.J., Logan,
M.P.O., and Zimmerman, L.B. (2011). The secreted integrin
ligand nephronectin is necessary for forelimb formation in
Xenopus tropicalis. Developmental Biology 349, 204–212.
Abu-Daya, A., Sater, A.K., Wells, D.E., Mohun, T.J., and
Zimmerman, L.B. (2009). Absence of heartbeat in the
Xenopus tropicalis mutation muzak is caused by a nonsense
mutation in cardiac myosin myh6. Dev Biol 336, 20–29.
Alharatani, R., Ververi, A., Beleza-Meireles, A., Ji, W., Mis, E.,
Patterson, Q.T., Griffn, J.N., Bhujel, N., Chang, C.A., Dixit,
A., et al. (2020). Novel truncating mutations in CTNND1
cause a dominant craniofacial and cardiac syndrome. Hum
Mol Genet 29, 1900–1921.
Allen, B.G., and Weeks, D.L. (2005). Transgenic Xenopus laevis
embryos can be generated using phiC31 integrase. Nature
Methods 2, 975–979.
Amaya, E. (2005). Xenomics. Genome Res 15, 1683–1691.
Amin, N.M., Greco, T.M., Kuchenbrod, L.M., Rigney, M.M.,
Chung, M.-I., Wallingford, J.B., Cristea, I.M., and Conlon,
F.L. (2014). Proteomic profling of cardiac tissue by isolation of nuclei tagged in specifc cell types (INTACT).
Development 141, 962–973.
Anzalone, A.V., Koblan, L.W., and Liu, D.R. (2020). Genome editing with CRISPR: Cas nucleases, base editors, transposases
and prime editors. Nature Biotechnology 38, 824–844.
Aslan, Y., Tadjuidje, E., Zorn, A.M., and Cha, S.-W. (2017). Higheffciency non-mosaic CRISPR-mediated knock-in and
indel mutation in F0 Xenopus. Development (Cambridge,
England) 144, 2852–2858.
Banach, M., Edholm, E.-S., Gonzalez, X., Benraiss, A., and Robert,
J. (2019). Impacts of the MHC class I-like XNC10 and
innate-like T cells on tumor tolerance and rejection in the
amphibian Xenopus. Carcinogenesis 40, 924–935.
Banach, M., Edholm, E.-S., and Robert, J. (2017). Exploring the
functions of nonclassical MHC class Ib genes in Xenopus
laevis by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Dev Biol 426 , 261–269.
Barbosa, S., Greville-Heygate, S., Bonnet, M., Godwin, A., FagottoKaufmann, C., Kajava, A.V., Laouteouet, D., Mawby, R.,
Wai, H.A., Dingemans, A.J.M., et al. (2020). Opposite modulation of RAC1 by mutations in TRIO is associated with
distinct, domain-specifc neurodevelopmental disorders. Am
J Hum Genetics 106, 338–355.
Beck, C.W., Christen, B., Barker, D., and Slack, J.M.W. (2006).
Temporal requirement for bone morphogenetic proteins
in regeneration of the tail and limb of Xenopus tadpoles.
Mechanisms of Development 123, 674–688.
Beck, C.W., Christen, B., and Slack, J.M.W. (2003). Molecular
pathways needed for regeneration of spinal cord and muscle
in a vertebrate. Dev Cell 5, 429–439.
Beck, C.W., and Slack, J.M. (1999). Gut specif c expression
using mammalian promoters in transgenic Xenopus laevis.
Mechanisms of Development 88, 221–227.
Bharathan, N.K., and Dickinson, A.J.G. (2019). Desmoplakin is
required for epidermal integrity and morphogenesis in the
Xenopus laevis embryo. Developmental Biology 450 , 115–131.
Bhattacharya, D., Marfo, C.A., Li, D., Lane, M., and Khokha,
M.K. (2015). CRISPR/Cas9: An inexpensive, eff cient loss
of function tool to screen human disease genes in Xenopus.
Developmental Biology 408, 196–204.
Blackburn, A.T.M., and Miller, R.K. (2019). Modeling congenital kidney diseases in Xenopus laevis. Disease Models &
Mechanisms 12, dmm038604-12.
Blitz, I.L., Biesinger, J., Xie, X., and Cho, K.W.Y. (2013). Biallelic
genome modifcation in F(0) Xenopus tropicalis embryos
using the CRISPR/Cas system. Genesis (New York, NY:
2000) 51, 827–834.
Blitz, I.L., Fish, M.B., and Cho, K.W.Y. (2016). Leapfrogging:
Primordial germ cell transplantation permits recovery
of CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations in essential genes.
Development (Cambridge, England) 143, 2868–2875.
Bronchain, O.J., Hartley, K.O., and Amaya, E. (1999). A gene trap
approach in Xenopus. Curr Biol 9, 1195, S1.
Brown, D.D., Cai, L., Das, B., Marsh-Armstrong, N., Schreiber,
A.M., and Juste, R. (2005). Thyroid hormone controls multiple independent programs required for limb development in
Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102,
12455–12458.
Buchholz, D.R. (2012). Tet-on binary systems for tissue-specif c
and inducible transgene expression. In Xenopus Protocols
(Humana Press). Methods Mol Biol 917, 265–275.
Buchholz, D.R. (2015). More similar than you think: Frog metamorphosis as a model of human perinatal endocrinology.
Developmental Biology 408, 188–195.
Cai, L., Das, B., and Brown, D.D. (2007). Changing a limb muscle
growth program into a resorption program. Developmental
Biology 304, 260–271.
Chesneau, A., Sachs, L.M., Chai, N., Chen, Y., Pasquier, L., Loeber, J.,
Pollet, N., Reilly, M., Weeks, D.L., and Bronchain, O.J. (2008).
Transgenesis procedures in Xenopus. Biol Cell 100, 503–529.
Choi, J., Ishizuya-Oka, A., and Buchholz, D.R. (2017). Growth,
development, and intestinal remodeling occurs in the absence
of thyroid hormone receptor α in tadpoles of Xenopus tropicalis. Endocrinology 158, 1623–1633.
Choi, J., Suzuki, K.-I.T., Sakuma, T., Shewade, L., Yamamoto, T.,
and Buchholz, D.R. (2015). Unliganded thyroid hormone
receptor α regulates developmental timing via gene repression in Xenopus tropicalis. Endocrinology 156, 735–744.
Chung, H.A., Medina-Ruiz, S., and Harland, R.M. (2014). Sp8 regulates inner ear development. Proc National Acad Sci 111,
6329–6334.
Das, B., and Brown, D.D. (2004a). Controlling transgene expression to study Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. P Natl Acad Sci
Usa 101, 4839–4842.
Das, B., and Brown, D.D. (2004b). Controlling transgene expression to study Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America 101, 4839–4842.
Date, P., Ackermann, P., Furey, C., Fink, I.B., Jonas, S., Khokha,
M.K., Kahle, K.T., and Deniz, E. (2019). Visualizing f ow
in an intact CSF network using optical coherence tomography: Implications for human congenital hydrocephalus. Sci
Rep-Uk 9, 6196.
Daughters, R.S., Chen, Y., and Slack, J.M.W. (2011). Origin of
muscle satellite cells in the Xenopus embryo. Development
(Cambridge, England) 138, 821–830.
DeLay, B.D., Baldwin, T.A., and Miller, R.K. (2019). Dynamin
binding protein is required for Xenopus laevis kidney development. Front Physiol 10, 143.
DeLay, B.D., Corkins, M.E., Hanania, H.L., Salanga, M., Deng,
J.M., Sudou, N., Taira, M., Horb, M.E., and Miller, R.K.
Xenopus
information. The NXR is funded by grants from the National
Institutes of Health (P40OD010997, R24OD030008, and
R01HD084409). The EXRC is supported by grants from the
Wellcome Trust (212942/Z/18/Z) and BBSRC (BB/R014841/1).
REFERENCES
Abu-Daya, A., Khokha, M.K., and Zimmerman, L.B. (2012). The
hitchhiker’s guide to Xenopus genetics. Genesis (New York,
NY: 2000) 50, 164–175.
Abu-Daya, A., Nishimoto, S., Fairclough, L., Mohun, T.J., Logan,
M.P.O., and Zimmerman, L.B. (2011). The secreted integrin
ligand nephronectin is necessary for forelimb formation in
Xenopus tropicalis. Developmental Biology 349, 204–212.
Abu-Daya, A., Sater, A.K., Wells, D.E., Mohun, T.J., and
Zimmerman, L.B. (2009). Absence of heartbeat in the
Xenopus tropicalis mutation muzak is caused by a nonsense
mutation in cardiac myosin myh6. Dev Biol 336, 20–29.
Alharatani, R., Ververi, A., Beleza-Meireles, A., Ji, W., Mis, E.,
Patterson, Q.T., Griffn, J.N., Bhujel, N., Chang, C.A., Dixit,
A., et al. (2020). Novel truncating mutations in CTNND1
cause a dominant craniofacial and cardiac syndrome. Hum
Mol Genet 29, 1900–1921.
Allen, B.G., and Weeks, D.L. (2005). Transgenic Xenopus laevis
embryos can be generated using phiC31 integrase. Nature
Methods 2, 975–979.
Amaya, E. (2005). Xenomics. Genome Res 15, 1683–1691.
Amin, N.M., Greco, T.M., Kuchenbrod, L.M., Rigney, M.M.,
Chung, M.-I., Wallingford, J.B., Cristea, I.M., and Conlon,
F.L. (2014). Proteomic profling of cardiac tissue by isolation of nuclei tagged in specifc cell types (INTACT).
Development 141, 962–973.
Anzalone, A.V., Koblan, L.W., and Liu, D.R. (2020). Genome editing with CRISPR: Cas nucleases, base editors, transposases
and prime editors. Nature Biotechnology 38, 824–844.
Aslan, Y., Tadjuidje, E., Zorn, A.M., and Cha, S.-W. (2017). Higheffciency non-mosaic CRISPR-mediated knock-in and
indel mutation in F0 Xenopus. Development (Cambridge,
England) 144, 2852–2858.
Banach, M., Edholm, E.-S., Gonzalez, X., Benraiss, A., and Robert,
J. (2019). Impacts of the MHC class I-like XNC10 and
innate-like T cells on tumor tolerance and rejection in the
amphibian Xenopus. Carcinogenesis 40, 924–935.
Banach, M., Edholm, E.-S., and Robert, J. (2017). Exploring the
functions of nonclassical MHC class Ib genes in Xenopus
laevis by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Dev Biol 426 , 261–269.
Barbosa, S., Greville-Heygate, S., Bonnet, M., Godwin, A., FagottoKaufmann, C., Kajava, A.V., Laouteouet, D., Mawby, R.,
Wai, H.A., Dingemans, A.J.M., et al. (2020). Opposite modulation of RAC1 by mutations in TRIO is associated with
distinct, domain-specifc neurodevelopmental disorders. Am
J Hum Genetics 106, 338–355.
Beck, C.W., Christen, B., Barker, D., and Slack, J.M.W. (2006).
Temporal requirement for bone morphogenetic proteins
in regeneration of the tail and limb of Xenopus tadpoles.
Mechanisms of Development 123, 674–688.
Beck, C.W., Christen, B., and Slack, J.M.W. (2003). Molecular
pathways needed for regeneration of spinal cord and muscle
in a vertebrate. Dev Cell 5, 429–439.
Beck, C.W., and Slack, J.M. (1999). Gut specif c expression
using mammalian promoters in transgenic Xenopus laevis.
Mechanisms of Development 88, 221–227.
Bharathan, N.K., and Dickinson, A.J.G. (2019). Desmoplakin is
required for epidermal integrity and morphogenesis in the
Xenopus laevis embryo. Developmental Biology 450 , 115–131.
Bhattacharya, D., Marfo, C.A., Li, D., Lane, M., and Khokha,
M.K. (2015). CRISPR/Cas9: An inexpensive, eff cient loss
of function tool to screen human disease genes in Xenopus.
Developmental Biology 408, 196–204.
Blackburn, A.T.M., and Miller, R.K. (2019). Modeling congenital kidney diseases in Xenopus laevis. Disease Models &
Mechanisms 12, dmm038604-12.
Blitz, I.L., Biesinger, J., Xie, X., and Cho, K.W.Y. (2013). Biallelic
genome modifcation in F(0) Xenopus tropicalis embryos
using the CRISPR/Cas system. Genesis (New York, NY:
2000) 51, 827–834.
Blitz, I.L., Fish, M.B., and Cho, K.W.Y. (2016). Leapfrogging:
Primordial germ cell transplantation permits recovery
of CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations in essential genes.
Development (Cambridge, England) 143, 2868–2875.
Bronchain, O.J., Hartley, K.O., and Amaya, E. (1999). A gene trap
approach in Xenopus. Curr Biol 9, 1195, S1.
Brown, D.D., Cai, L., Das, B., Marsh-Armstrong, N., Schreiber,
A.M., and Juste, R. (2005). Thyroid hormone controls multiple independent programs required for limb development in
Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102,
12455–12458.
Buchholz, D.R. (2012). Tet-on binary systems for tissue-specif c
and inducible transgene expression. In Xenopus Protocols
(Humana Press). Methods Mol Biol 917, 265–275.
Buchholz, D.R. (2015). More similar than you think: Frog metamorphosis as a model of human perinatal endocrinology.
Developmental Biology 408, 188–195.
Cai, L., Das, B., and Brown, D.D. (2007). Changing a limb muscle
growth program into a resorption program. Developmental
Biology 304, 260–271.
Chesneau, A., Sachs, L.M., Chai, N., Chen, Y., Pasquier, L., Loeber, J.,
Pollet, N., Reilly, M., Weeks, D.L., and Bronchain, O.J. (2008).
Transgenesis procedures in Xenopus. Biol Cell 100, 503–529.
Choi, J., Ishizuya-Oka, A., and Buchholz, D.R. (2017). Growth,
development, and intestinal remodeling occurs in the absence
of thyroid hormone receptor α in tadpoles of Xenopus tropicalis. Endocrinology 158, 1623–1633.
Choi, J., Suzuki, K.-I.T., Sakuma, T., Shewade, L., Yamamoto, T.,
and Buchholz, D.R. (2015). Unliganded thyroid hormone
receptor α regulates developmental timing via gene repression in Xenopus tropicalis. Endocrinology 156, 735–744.
Chung, H.A., Medina-Ruiz, S., and Harland, R.M. (2014). Sp8 regulates inner ear development. Proc National Acad Sci 111,
6329–6334.
Das, B., and Brown, D.D. (2004a). Controlling transgene expression to study Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. P Natl Acad Sci
Usa 101, 4839–4842.
Das, B., and Brown, D.D. (2004b). Controlling transgene expression to study Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America 101, 4839–4842.
Date, P., Ackermann, P., Furey, C., Fink, I.B., Jonas, S., Khokha,
M.K., Kahle, K.T., and Deniz, E. (2019). Visualizing f ow
in an intact CSF network using optical coherence tomography: Implications for human congenital hydrocephalus. Sci
Rep-Uk 9, 6196.
Daughters, R.S., Chen, Y., and Slack, J.M.W. (2011). Origin of
muscle satellite cells in the Xenopus embryo. Development
(Cambridge, England) 138, 821–830.
DeLay, B.D., Baldwin, T.A., and Miller, R.K. (2019). Dynamin
binding protein is required for Xenopus laevis kidney development. Front Physiol 10, 143.
DeLay, B.D., Corkins, M.E., Hanania, H.L., Salanga, M., Deng,
J.M., Sudou, N., Taira, M., Horb, M.E., and Miller, R.K.