8. Design of Coastal Structures
259
It should be noted that the friction coefficient between flat concrète is 0.5,
and that any interlocking effect between the blocks should be considered if
présent.
8.7 Retaining Structures
The structures that engineered to retain a mass of sand and/or rubbles
are generally referred to as retaining structures. These structures are also
frequently used to house variations in grade, increases in right-of-way and
provides reinforcement to the toe of slopes. Retaining structures can be classified in a broad sense conferring to their inclination of face when greater
than 70°. Whereas, slopes with inclination flatter than 70° are usually considered as retaining walls. Apart from the classifications, there are several
types of retaining structures which includes the gravity structures, sheet
piles, cantilever structures, and anchored earth. Retaining structures withstand loads from the horizontal stresses in the ground which is considered to
be as earth pressure and also from the anchorages that are used to support
the structures. The pressure on the wall relies on whether the structure is
moving away or towards the earth and also on the characteristics of the
soil. The calculation of earth pressure, shear force and bending moment
for the design of retaining structures can be found in Atkinson (2007) or
Punmia (2005) and IS 4651: part 2 (1989).
8.7.1 Gravity retaining walls
The siabilSty ci sravisv rec.airùng structures are based on the sect-weigut
which it use to rester or hcld the earth pressures. Lhey are typt'.'.n.'
constructec frc~ materiais of heavyweight. mœtly concrets anc rur tuesSuch heavy material structures are désignée to a eu. ver stgmn. ur res.stm.ee
against several failure kinds which includes seismic acuvnàes. cverturnmr
sliding and enha-nces the bearing capaciry. Crib wall can be rererrec
a
common type of retaining wall. It is commonly used in hignway cuts in tbe
Coastal région and to support roadway because of its cost effective construction, workabilitv and for time saving. Another example of gravity retaining
structures is gabions. It is used as a Coastal protection structure for controlling érosion and also scour protection along the waterways and fixer
banks. They are normally made of wire mesh carriers that are packed with
rubbles of relatively uniform sizes and arranged on top of each other to
form a retaining wall.
259
It should be noted that the friction coefficient between flat concrète is 0.5,
and that any interlocking effect between the blocks should be considered if
présent.
8.7 Retaining Structures
The structures that engineered to retain a mass of sand and/or rubbles
are generally referred to as retaining structures. These structures are also
frequently used to house variations in grade, increases in right-of-way and
provides reinforcement to the toe of slopes. Retaining structures can be classified in a broad sense conferring to their inclination of face when greater
than 70°. Whereas, slopes with inclination flatter than 70° are usually considered as retaining walls. Apart from the classifications, there are several
types of retaining structures which includes the gravity structures, sheet
piles, cantilever structures, and anchored earth. Retaining structures withstand loads from the horizontal stresses in the ground which is considered to
be as earth pressure and also from the anchorages that are used to support
the structures. The pressure on the wall relies on whether the structure is
moving away or towards the earth and also on the characteristics of the
soil. The calculation of earth pressure, shear force and bending moment
for the design of retaining structures can be found in Atkinson (2007) or
Punmia (2005) and IS 4651: part 2 (1989).
8.7.1 Gravity retaining walls
The siabilSty ci sravisv rec.airùng structures are based on the sect-weigut
which it use to rester or hcld the earth pressures. Lhey are typt'.'.n.'
constructec frc~ materiais of heavyweight. mœtly concrets anc rur tuesSuch heavy material structures are désignée to a eu. ver stgmn. ur res.stm.ee
against several failure kinds which includes seismic acuvnàes. cverturnmr
sliding and enha-nces the bearing capaciry. Crib wall can be rererrec
a
common type of retaining wall. It is commonly used in hignway cuts in tbe
Coastal région and to support roadway because of its cost effective construction, workabilitv and for time saving. Another example of gravity retaining
structures is gabions. It is used as a Coastal protection structure for controlling érosion and also scour protection along the waterways and fixer
banks. They are normally made of wire mesh carriers that are packed with
rubbles of relatively uniform sizes and arranged on top of each other to
form a retaining wall.