48
Chemical Oceanography, 4th Edition
5000
3000
1000
0
Depth (m)
70°S
30°N
20°
10°N
0°
10°S
20°
30°
40°
50°
60°
RW
W
DWU
SIW
AABW
DW I
DW AI
Figure 1.54
Characteristic water masses in the Indian Ocean. W = warm water sphere; RW = Red Sea water; DWU = deepwater, upper; SIW = subantarctic intermediate water; DW I = deep water, Indian; DW AI = deep water, Atlantic–
Indian; AABW = Antarctic bottom water.
N
W C
Indian
Atlantic
Circumpolar
Pacific
Legend
Various Waters
N
W A
C A
C
R
A
C I –C
R
I
C P –C
R
P
W C
W I
W P
North Atlantic water formation
Atlantic upwelling rates
Transport rate from Circumpolar to Atlantic
Transport rate from Atlantic to Circumpolar
Net transport from Circumpolar to Indian
Net transport from Circumpolar to Pacific
Bottom water formed in Circumpolar
Indian Ocean upwelling
Pacific Ocean upwelling
14 Sv
10
7
11
20
29
41
20
25
Volume
C
R
A
C A
C P
C
R
I
C
R
P
C I
W A
W I
W P
Figure 1.55
Box model for the deep- water circulation of the world ocean water.