547
A
Abiotic photochemical processes, 431–439
Acid–base equilibria, 264–269
Acidification, oceans
from carbon dioxide adsorption, 260
and metal speciation, 317, 320–323
pH estimation, 314–317
Acid rain
composition, 196
effects of, 196, 198
formation of, 183
nitric acid in, 193
and sulfur cycle, 196
Acids
buffer capacity, 268
dibasic, 268
hard/soft, 162
Activity coefficients
defined, 266
electrolyte solutions, 154–155, 159
dilute, 162–166
mixed, 166, 171–175
gases, 256–257
Additivity principle, 142, 176, 178
Adiabatic (potential) temperature
ideal gases, 183–184
water, 6–7
Advection
causes of, 17
distribution of gases, 232–237
distribution of oxygen, 243–246
Advective diffusion models, 250
Aerobic respiration, 456–458
Aerosol propellants, 42
Aerosols
atmospheric, 221–225
dust, 106, 221, 223
light scattering, 382
metals in, 106, 221, 223
methanesulfonic acid, 219–221
organic matter in, 224, 408
sulfur-containing, 219–221
Africa, 106, 221, 223
Agulhas Current, 31
Air bubbles
dissolution in seawater, 238–241
dissolved solutes in, 82, 84
gas exchange at air-sea interface, 237
Air injection, 238–241
Air–sea interface
air bubbles and, 82, 84, 237
carbon dioxide transport, 259, 282–283
gas exchange, 82, 84, 232–237, 282–283
ion exchange, 82, 84
organic matter input, 407–408
oxygen exchange, 237
resistance, 235–236
transfer velocity of gases, 233–234, 282–283
Alanine, 347
Albedo, 220
Algae
dimethylsulfonium propionate levels, 219
metabolism of organic matter, 403
Alkali metals, 91, 99
Alkaline earth metals, 91, 99
Alkanes, 419
Alkenes, 419
Allochthonous carbon, 406
Aluminum
cycling, 113
distribution profile, 106–108
in dust, 223
ionic, 198
reactivity, 98
residence time, 99
Alvin, 441
Amino acids
properties, 419
in seawater, 419
synthesis, 346–347, 369
Aminophosphonic acids, 335
Ammonia
in anoxic waters, 458–459, 473, 475, 485
determination methods, 343–345
dissociation, 342–343
Ammonium
determination methods, 343–345
dissociation constant, 342–343
Index
A
Abiotic photochemical processes, 431–439
Acid–base equilibria, 264–269
Acidification, oceans
from carbon dioxide adsorption, 260
and metal speciation, 317, 320–323
pH estimation, 314–317
Acid rain
composition, 196
effects of, 196, 198
formation of, 183
nitric acid in, 193
and sulfur cycle, 196
Acids
buffer capacity, 268
dibasic, 268
hard/soft, 162
Activity coefficients
defined, 266
electrolyte solutions, 154–155, 159
dilute, 162–166
mixed, 166, 171–175
gases, 256–257
Additivity principle, 142, 176, 178
Adiabatic (potential) temperature
ideal gases, 183–184
water, 6–7
Advection
causes of, 17
distribution of gases, 232–237
distribution of oxygen, 243–246
Advective diffusion models, 250
Aerobic respiration, 456–458
Aerosol propellants, 42
Aerosols
atmospheric, 221–225
dust, 106, 221, 223
light scattering, 382
metals in, 106, 221, 223
methanesulfonic acid, 219–221
organic matter in, 224, 408
sulfur-containing, 219–221
Africa, 106, 221, 223
Agulhas Current, 31
Air bubbles
dissolution in seawater, 238–241
dissolved solutes in, 82, 84
gas exchange at air-sea interface, 237
Air injection, 238–241
Air–sea interface
air bubbles and, 82, 84, 237
carbon dioxide transport, 259, 282–283
gas exchange, 82, 84, 232–237, 282–283
ion exchange, 82, 84
organic matter input, 407–408
oxygen exchange, 237
resistance, 235–236
transfer velocity of gases, 233–234, 282–283
Alanine, 347
Albedo, 220
Algae
dimethylsulfonium propionate levels, 219
metabolism of organic matter, 403
Alkali metals, 91, 99
Alkaline earth metals, 91, 99
Alkanes, 419
Alkenes, 419
Allochthonous carbon, 406
Aluminum
cycling, 113
distribution profile, 106–108
in dust, 223
ionic, 198
reactivity, 98
residence time, 99
Alvin, 441
Amino acids
properties, 419
in seawater, 419
synthesis, 346–347, 369
Aminophosphonic acids, 335
Ammonia
in anoxic waters, 458–459, 473, 475, 485
determination methods, 343–345
dissociation, 342–343
Ammonium
determination methods, 343–345
dissociation constant, 342–343
Index