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Glossary of Chemical Oceanography Terms
Solvent- Shared Ion Pair: The ions of an ion pair are separated by a single water molecule.
Speciation: The determination of the form of a given element.
Specific Interaction Model: A model that accounts for the changes in the activities of ions
in solution by assuming that the interactions are mainly between specific ions
(considers the interactions of ions of the same and opposite signs).
Structure- Breaking Ions: The addition of ions to water results in less structure than in
pure water.
Structure- Making Ions: The addition of ions to water results in more structure than in
pure water.
Surface Tension: The tangential forces acting at right angles at the surfaces of a liquid.
Surface tension has the units of dynes cm –1 .
Thermal Expansion: The change in the volume (V) as a result of a change in temperature,
α = (1/V)(∂V/∂T).
Toxicity: The ability of a certain chemical compound or element to be toxic to an organism.
Transparency: The ability of a substance to transmit a certain wavelength or band of
wavelength of light or energy.
Uniformist Water Structure Model: The model that assumes that no unique local
domains of structures exist in water. Also known as the average model.
Viscosity: The resistance of a liquid to motion or flow. Viscosity is caused by cohesive forces
between molecules of a liquid. The viscosity is measured in poise (dynes cm –2 ).
Water Structure: Structure models proposed to explain the unique properties of water.
They are divided into two categories: the uniformist, or average, models and the
mixture models.
Young’s Rules: Three simple rules proposed by T. F. Young as a result of studying the
properties of mixed electrolyte solutions: (1) The excess properties of mixing (ΔP ex )
are not very large and can be assumed to be zero in dilute solutions; (2) the values
of ΔP ex of mixtures with a common anion or cation are not strongly affected by the
common ion; and (3) the sum of the excess mixing properties of ions with a common ion (the sides of the cross- square diagram) are equal to the sum of the mixing
properties of the uncommon ions (the cross mixtures).
V. Atmospheric Chemistry
Acid Rain: The oxidation of NO X and SO 2 results in the formation of HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 in
the atmosphere and thus the acidification of precipitation. This is a result of industrial emissions and primarily affects the northeastern area of the United States
and many areas in Europe.
Aerosols: A suspension of solid or liquid matter in a gaseous medium; range in size from
about 10 –4 μm to tens of micrometers; are a result of combustion, volcanoes, gasto- particle conversion, dust, pollen, and spores.
Air Pollution: The addition of toxic or undesirable gases to the atmosphere, mostly from
the burning of fossil fuels.
Biogenic Gases: Gases related to biological activities (CH 4 , NH 3 , N 2 O, H 2 , CS 2 ).
Boundary Layer: Also known as the mixed layer. Depth of the boundary layer is determined by thermodynamic processes. Typical depths are on the order of 1 km.
Glossary of Chemical Oceanography Terms
Solvent- Shared Ion Pair: The ions of an ion pair are separated by a single water molecule.
Speciation: The determination of the form of a given element.
Specific Interaction Model: A model that accounts for the changes in the activities of ions
in solution by assuming that the interactions are mainly between specific ions
(considers the interactions of ions of the same and opposite signs).
Structure- Breaking Ions: The addition of ions to water results in less structure than in
pure water.
Structure- Making Ions: The addition of ions to water results in more structure than in
pure water.
Surface Tension: The tangential forces acting at right angles at the surfaces of a liquid.
Surface tension has the units of dynes cm –1 .
Thermal Expansion: The change in the volume (V) as a result of a change in temperature,
α = (1/V)(∂V/∂T).
Toxicity: The ability of a certain chemical compound or element to be toxic to an organism.
Transparency: The ability of a substance to transmit a certain wavelength or band of
wavelength of light or energy.
Uniformist Water Structure Model: The model that assumes that no unique local
domains of structures exist in water. Also known as the average model.
Viscosity: The resistance of a liquid to motion or flow. Viscosity is caused by cohesive forces
between molecules of a liquid. The viscosity is measured in poise (dynes cm –2 ).
Water Structure: Structure models proposed to explain the unique properties of water.
They are divided into two categories: the uniformist, or average, models and the
mixture models.
Young’s Rules: Three simple rules proposed by T. F. Young as a result of studying the
properties of mixed electrolyte solutions: (1) The excess properties of mixing (ΔP ex )
are not very large and can be assumed to be zero in dilute solutions; (2) the values
of ΔP ex of mixtures with a common anion or cation are not strongly affected by the
common ion; and (3) the sum of the excess mixing properties of ions with a common ion (the sides of the cross- square diagram) are equal to the sum of the mixing
properties of the uncommon ions (the cross mixtures).
V. Atmospheric Chemistry
Acid Rain: The oxidation of NO X and SO 2 results in the formation of HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 in
the atmosphere and thus the acidification of precipitation. This is a result of industrial emissions and primarily affects the northeastern area of the United States
and many areas in Europe.
Aerosols: A suspension of solid or liquid matter in a gaseous medium; range in size from
about 10 –4 μm to tens of micrometers; are a result of combustion, volcanoes, gasto- particle conversion, dust, pollen, and spores.
Air Pollution: The addition of toxic or undesirable gases to the atmosphere, mostly from
the burning of fossil fuels.
Biogenic Gases: Gases related to biological activities (CH 4 , NH 3 , N 2 O, H 2 , CS 2 ).
Boundary Layer: Also known as the mixed layer. Depth of the boundary layer is determined by thermodynamic processes. Typical depths are on the order of 1 km.