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Glossary of Chemical Oceanography Terms
Hydration: Results from the electrostatic attraction between a solute and a water molecule.
Hydration Number: The number of water molecules associated with a solute in solution.
Hydrogen Bond: A weak bond formed between hydrogen atoms in compounds and
strong electronegative atoms in other molecules.
Ice- Like Model: The model assumes that the structure of liquid water is similar to the
structure of the ice lattice.
Ideal Gas Equation: The pressure (P) times the volume (V) of a mole of an ideal gas is
equal to the gas constant (R) times the absolute temperature, T (PV = RT).
Infinite Dilution: An ideal state in which a solute is surrounded by a large reservoir of
water (ions cannot interact with each other).
Ion–Ion Interactions: The electrostatic interactions between ions.
Ion Pairing: The electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge.
Ion- Pairing Model: A model that accounts for the changes in the activities of ions in solution by assuming that ion pairs or complexes are formed.
Ion–Water Interactions: The interactions between charged ions and water molecules. The
interactions are electrostatic between ions and water molecules treated as a continuous dielectric medium, ion–dipole, or ion–quadrupole.
Ligand: A molecule that can form a coordinate covalent chemical bond with a metal ion.
Maximum Density: The maximum density of a liquid. It normally occurs at the melting
point. For water, it occurs at 4°C.
Melting Point: The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance can
exist together at atmospheric pressure.
Mixture Water Structure Model: The model that assumes that two different species of
water exist, a bulky species and a dense species. There are four general mixture
model categories: broken- down ice lattice models, cluster models, clathrate models, and significant structure models.
Monomer: A simple molecule (H 2 O) that is not interacting with other molecules.
Oxidation: The loss of an electron by an atom or molecule.
Partial Molal Compressibility: The effect of pressure on the volume that a solute occupies in solution.
Partial Molal Volume: The volume that a solute occupies in solution.
pE: The negative log of the activity of an electron.
pH: The negative log of the activity or concentration of the hydrogen ion.
Phase Diagram: A diagram that shows the relationship of the phases (liquid, solid, gas) of
a system as a function of variables such as temperature and pressure.
Photochemical Processes: Processes that result from the absorption of light.
Plus–Minus Interactions: The interactions between ions of opposite charge.
Plus–Plus and Minus–Minus Interactions: The interactions between ions of the same charge.
Quadrupole Moment: Results from the intermolecular forces in a molecule caused by the
unsymmetrical separation of four charges.
Raoult’s Law: The partial pressure of a gas in an ideal mixture is equal to the partial pressure of the pure gas times the mole fraction (P A = X A P A
0 ).
Redox Reactions: The reactions involving oxidation and reduction (loss and gain of electrons).
Reduction: The gain of an electron by an atom or molecule.
Significant Structure Model: Assumes that bulky species are not necessarily a monomer
but another ice- like species of higher density.
Solvent- Separated Ion Pair: The ions of an ion pair are separated by more than one
water molecule.
Glossary of Chemical Oceanography Terms
Hydration: Results from the electrostatic attraction between a solute and a water molecule.
Hydration Number: The number of water molecules associated with a solute in solution.
Hydrogen Bond: A weak bond formed between hydrogen atoms in compounds and
strong electronegative atoms in other molecules.
Ice- Like Model: The model assumes that the structure of liquid water is similar to the
structure of the ice lattice.
Ideal Gas Equation: The pressure (P) times the volume (V) of a mole of an ideal gas is
equal to the gas constant (R) times the absolute temperature, T (PV = RT).
Infinite Dilution: An ideal state in which a solute is surrounded by a large reservoir of
water (ions cannot interact with each other).
Ion–Ion Interactions: The electrostatic interactions between ions.
Ion Pairing: The electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge.
Ion- Pairing Model: A model that accounts for the changes in the activities of ions in solution by assuming that ion pairs or complexes are formed.
Ion–Water Interactions: The interactions between charged ions and water molecules. The
interactions are electrostatic between ions and water molecules treated as a continuous dielectric medium, ion–dipole, or ion–quadrupole.
Ligand: A molecule that can form a coordinate covalent chemical bond with a metal ion.
Maximum Density: The maximum density of a liquid. It normally occurs at the melting
point. For water, it occurs at 4°C.
Melting Point: The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance can
exist together at atmospheric pressure.
Mixture Water Structure Model: The model that assumes that two different species of
water exist, a bulky species and a dense species. There are four general mixture
model categories: broken- down ice lattice models, cluster models, clathrate models, and significant structure models.
Monomer: A simple molecule (H 2 O) that is not interacting with other molecules.
Oxidation: The loss of an electron by an atom or molecule.
Partial Molal Compressibility: The effect of pressure on the volume that a solute occupies in solution.
Partial Molal Volume: The volume that a solute occupies in solution.
pE: The negative log of the activity of an electron.
pH: The negative log of the activity or concentration of the hydrogen ion.
Phase Diagram: A diagram that shows the relationship of the phases (liquid, solid, gas) of
a system as a function of variables such as temperature and pressure.
Photochemical Processes: Processes that result from the absorption of light.
Plus–Minus Interactions: The interactions between ions of opposite charge.
Plus–Plus and Minus–Minus Interactions: The interactions between ions of the same charge.
Quadrupole Moment: Results from the intermolecular forces in a molecule caused by the
unsymmetrical separation of four charges.
Raoult’s Law: The partial pressure of a gas in an ideal mixture is equal to the partial pressure of the pure gas times the mole fraction (P A = X A P A
0 ).
Redox Reactions: The reactions involving oxidation and reduction (loss and gain of electrons).
Reduction: The gain of an electron by an atom or molecule.
Significant Structure Model: Assumes that bulky species are not necessarily a monomer
but another ice- like species of higher density.
Solvent- Separated Ion Pair: The ions of an ion pair are separated by more than one
water molecule.