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geodesy, pp. 371–406. In: Satellite Altimetry and
Earth Sciences, L.-L. Fu and A. Cazenave (eds),
Academic Press. [3.3]
Tapley, B. D., R. S. Nerem, C. K. Shum, J. C. Ries
and D. N. Yuan, 1988: Determination of the
general ocean circulation from a joint gravity
field solution. Geophys. Res. Lett. 15, 1109–
1112. [3.3]
Tapley, B. D., M. M. Watkins, J. C. Ries et al., 1996:
The Joint Gravity Model 3. J. Geophys. Res. 101,
28029–28049. [3.3]
Taylor, G. I., 1917: Motion of solids in fluids when
the motion is not irrotational. Proc. Roy. Soc.
A93, 99–113. [4.2]
Taylor, G. I., 1953: Dispersion of soluble matter in
solvent flowing slowly through a tube. Proc. Roy.
Soc. London A219, 186–203. [5.2]
Taylor, P. K. and R. A. Weller, 1991: Meteorological
measurements from WOCE research ships. WOCE
Operations Manual, Vol. 3: The Observational
Programme. Part 3.1.3: WHP Operations and
Methods, Section 3: Underway Measurements.
WOCE International Project Office. (Unpublished
manuscript). US WOCE WHP Office Report
WHPO 91-1, WOCE Report 68/91, various paginations. [3.1]
Taylor, P. K., E. F. Bradley, C. W. Fairall et al., 2001:
Surface fluxes and surface reference sites. In:
Observing the Ocean in the 21st Century, N. R.
Smith and C. J. Koblinsky (eds), Bureau
of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia, Chapter
34. [7.4]
Tett, S. F. B., 1995: Simulation of El-Nino/Southern
Oscillation like variability in a global AOGCM
and its response to CO 2 increase. J. Climate 8,
1473–1502. [2.3]
Tett, S. F. B., P. A. Stott, M. R. Allen, W. J. Ingram
and J. F . B. Mitchell, 1999: Causes of twentieth
century temperature changes near the Earth’s surface. Nature 399, 569–572. [2.3]
Thadathil, P., A. Shikauchi, Y. Sugimori and
M. Kubota, 1993: A statistical method to get surface level air-temperature from satellite observations of precipitable water. J. Oceanogr. 49,
551–558. [3.4]
The Lab Sea Group, 1998: The Labrador Sea Deep
Convection Experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.
79, 2033–2058. [5.5]
Thierry, V., 2000: Observation et modélisation de la
variabilité saisonnière dans l’océan Atlantique
équatorial profond, Doctoral Dissertration,
Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 203pp. [4.3]
Thiria, S., C. Mejia, F. Badran and M. Crepon,
1993: A neural network approach for modeling
nonlinear transfer functions: Application for wind
retrieval from spaceborne scatterometer data.
J. Geophys. Res. 98, 22827–22841. [3.4]
Thompson, D. W. J. and J. M. Wallace, 1998: The
Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime
geopotential height and temperature fields.
Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1297–1300. [7.1, 7.3]
Thompson, D. W. J. and J. M. Wallace, 2000:
Annular modes in the extratropical circulation
Part I: month-to-month variability. J. Climate 13,
1000–1016. [7.3]
Thompson, D. W. J., J. M. Wallace and G. C. Hegerl,
2000: Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part II: Trends, J. Climate 13, 1018–1036.
[7.1, 7.3]
Thompson, R. O. R. Y. and R. J. Edwards, 1981:
Mixing and water-mass formation in the
Australian Subantarctic. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 11,
1399–1406. [5.4]
Thomson, C. Wyville, 1877: A Preliminary Account
of the General Results of the Voyage of the HMS
Challenger. MacMillan, London, 424 pp. [4.1]
Thorpe, S. A., 1978: The near-surface ocean mixing
layer in stable heating conditions. J. Geophys.
Res. 83, 2875–2885. [5.2]
Thorpe, S. A., 1979: Breaking internal waves in
sheer flows. In: Twelfth Symposium on Naval
Hydrodynamics, National Academy of Science,
Washington, DC, pp. 623–628. [5.2]
Tierney, C., J. Wahr, F. Bryan and V. Zlotnicki,
2000: Short-period oceanic circulation: implications for satellite altimetry. Geophys. Res. Lett.
27, 1255–1258. [3.3]
Timmermann, A., J. Oberhuber, A. Bacher, M. Esch,
M. Latif and E. Roeckner, 1999a: Increased El
Niño frequency in a climate model forced by future
greenhouse warming. Nature 398, 694–669. [1.2]
Timmermann, A., M. Latif, A. Grotzner and
R. Voss, 1999b: Modes of climate variability as
simulated by the coupled atmosphere–ocean model
ECHAM3/LSG, part I: ENSO-like climate variability and its low-frequency modulation. Climate
Dyn. 15, 605–618. [2.3]
TOGA (Tropical Oceans–Global Atmosphere
Experiment), 1985: TOGA Implementation Plan.
International TOGA Project Office, Boulder, CO.
[7.4]
Toggweiler, J. R. and B. Samuels, 1993: New radiocarbon constraints on the upwelling of abyssal
water to the ocean’s surface. In: The Global
Carbon Cycle, M. Heimann (ed.), NATO ASI
Series, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg,
Vol. 15, pp. 333–363. [4.6]
Toggweiler, J. R. and B. Samuels, 1998: On the
ocean’s large scale circulation in the limit of no
REFERENCES
673