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flow and variability in the Kuroshio Extension
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Qiu, B., W. Miao and P. Müller, 1997: Propagation
and decay of forced and free baroclinic Rossby
waves in off-equatorial oceans. J. Phys. Oceanogr.
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Quadfasel, D. and F. Schott, 1982: Water mass distribution at intermediate layers off the Somali
coast during the onset of the southwest monsoon,
1979. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 12, 1358–1372. [4.3]
Quadfasel, D. and F. Schott, 1983: Southward
subsurface flow below the Somali Current.
J. Geophys. Res. 88, 5973–5979. [4.3]
Quadfasel, D., A. Sy, D. Wells and A. Tunik, 1991:
Warming in the Arctic. Nature 350, 385. [7.3]
Quadfasel, D., A. Frische and G. Cresswell, 1996:
The circulation in the source area of the South
Equatorial Current in the eastern Indian Ocean.
J. Geophys. Res. 101, 12483–12488. [4.7]
Quadfasel, D., J. Fischer, F. Schott and L. Stramma,
1997: Deep water exchange through the Owen
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Lett. 24, 2805–2808. [4.3]
Quay, P. D., M. Stuiver and W. S. Broecker, 1983:
Upwelling rates for the equatorial Pacific Ocean
derived from the
14 C distribution. J. Mar. Res. 41,
769–792. [4.4]
Quilfen, Y., B. Chapron, T. Elfouhaily, K. B. Katsaros
and J. Tournadre, 1998: Observations of tropical
cyclones by high-resolution scatterometry.
J. Geophys. Res. 103, 7767–7786. [3.4]
Rahmstorf, S., 1995: Bifurcations of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation in response to changes in the
hydrological cycle. Nature 378, 145–149. [4.7, 7.2]
Rahmstorf, S., 1996: On the freshwater forcing and
transport of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Climate Dyn. 12, 799–811. [2.3, 4.7, 6.2]
Rahmstorf, S., 2001: Abrupt climate change. In:
Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, J. Steele,
S. Thorpe and K. Turekian (eds), Academic Press,
London. [1.2]
Rahmstorf, S. and A. Ganopolski, 1999: Long-term
global warming scenarios computed with an efficient coupled climate model. Climatic Change, 43,
353–367. [1.1, 1.2, 2.3, 7.3]
Rahmstorf, S. and J. Willebrand, 1995: The role of
temperature feedback in stabilising the thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 787–805.
[1.1, 2.3, 7.2]
Rahmstorf, S., J. Marotzke and J. Willebrand, 1996:
Stability of the thermohaline circulation. In: The
Warmwatersphere of the North Atlantic Ocean,
W. Krauss (ed.), Gebr. Bornträger, Stuttgart,
pp. 129–157. [2.3, 7.2]
Ralph, E. A. and P. P. Niiler, 1999: Wind-driven currents in the tropical Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 29,
2121–2129. [4.1, 7.1]
Ralph, E., K. Bi, P. Niiler and Y. duPenhoat, 1997:
A Lagrangian description of the western equatorial Pacific response to the wind burst of December
1992: Heat advection of the Warm Pool.
J. Climate 10, 1706–1721. [4.1]
Raney, R. K., 1998: The delay/Doppler radar altimeter. IEEE Trans. Geoscience Remote Sens. 36,
1578–1588. [3.3]
Rao, R. R. and R. Sivakumar, 2000: On the possible
mechanisms of the evolution of a mini-Warm Pool
during the pre-summer monsoon season and the
genesis of Onset Vortex in the southeastern
Arabian Sea. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. (in
press). [4.3]
Rao, R. R., R. L. Molinari and J. F. Festa, 1989:
Evolution of the climatological near-surface thermal structure of the tropical Indian Ocean I:
Description of the monthly mixed layer depth, sea
surface temperature, surface current and surface
meteorological fields. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 10801–
10815. [4.3]
Rapp, R. H. and Y. M. Wang, 1994: Dynamic topography estimates using GEOSAT data and a gravimetric geoid in the Gulf Stream region. Geophys.
J. Int. 117, 511–528. [3.3]
Rapp, R. H., C. Zhang and Y. Yi, 1996: Analysis of
dynamic ocean topography using TOPEX data
and orthonormal functions. J. Geophys. Res. 101,
22583–22598. [3.3]
Ratier, A. (ed.), 1988: Observing the ocean by
altimetry. CNES Magazine, No. 3, October 1998.
Centre National d’Études Spatiales, Toulouse
(http://www.cnes.fr/WEB_UK/espace_pro/cnesmag/
1index.html), pp. 11–29. [1.3]
Rayner, N. A., E. B. Horton, D. E. Parker,
C. K. Folland and R. B. Hacket, 1996: Version 2.2
of the Global Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature
Dataset, 1903–1994. CRTN 74, Hadley Centre,
Meteorological Office, Bracknell, UK. [2.3]
Read, J. F. and W. J. Gould, 1992: Cooling and freshening of the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean since
the 1960s. Nature 360, 55–57. [1.2, 7.3]
Read, J. F. and R. T. Pollard, 1993: Structure and
transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
and Agulhas Return Current at 40°E. J. Geophys.
Res. 98, 12281–12295. [4.6, 4.7]
Read, J. F. and R. T. Pollard, 1997: Deep inflow into
the Mozambique Basin. International WOCE
REFERENCES
658