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Ocean, Ice and Atmosphere: Interactions at
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issue: The TOGA decade: Reviewing the progress
of El Niño research and prediction. J. Geophys.
Res. 103, 14169–14240. [1.2, 4.3, 7.4]
McPhee, M. G., T. P. Stanton, J. H. Morison and
D. G. Martinson, 1998: Freshening of the Upper
Ocean in the Central Arctic: Is perennial sea ice
disappearing? Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1729–
1732. [7.3]
McWilliams, J. C., 1996: Modelling the oceanic general circulation. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 28, 215–
248. [2.2, 6.2]
McWilliams, J. C., 1998: Oceanic general circulation
models. In: Ocean Modeling and Parameterization:
E. P. Chassignet and J. Verron (eds), Kluwer Acad.
Publ., Dordrecht, pp. 1–44. [2.2, 7.2]
McWilliams, J. C. and J. E. Masterson, 1982: Plan
for the Development and Utilization of Ocean
Surface Drifting Buoys (Drifters). UCAR Special
Publication, September 1982, Boulder, CO, 37
pp. [4.1]
McWilliams, J. C., G. Dnanbasoglu and P. R. Gent,
1996, Tracer budgets in the warm water sphere.
Tellus 48, 179–192. [5.1]
McWilliams, J. C., W. R. Holland and J. H . S. Chow,
1978: A description of numerical Antarctic
Cir-cumpolar Currents. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 2,
213–291. [4.6]
McWilliams, J. C., N. J. Norton, P. R. Gent and D. B.
Haidvogel, 1990: A linear balance model
of wind-driven, mid-latitude ocean circulation.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 20, 1349–1378. [7.2]
McWilliams, J. C., G. Danabasoglu and P. R. Gent,
1996: Tracer budgets in the Warmwatersphere.
Tellus 48, 179–192. [5.1]
MEDOC Group, 1970: Observations of formation of
deep-water in the Mediterranean Sea, 1969.
Nature 227, 1037–1040. [5.7]
Meehl, G. A., J. W. Hurrell and H. van Loon, 1998:
A modulation of the mechanism of the semiannual
oscillation in the Southern Hemisphere. Tellus
50A, 442–450. [7.3]
Mehrbach, C., C. H. Culberson, J. E. Hawley and
R. M. Pytkowicz, 1973: Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure. Limnol. Oceanogr.
18, 897–907. [6.3]
Mehta V. M. and T. Delworth 1995: Decadal variability of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean surface
temperature in shipboard measurements and in a
global ocean–atmosphere model. J. Climate 8,
172–190. [1.2]
Meincke, J. and B. Rudels, 1995: Greenland Sea
Deep Water: A balance between convection and
advection. Nordic Seas Symposium, Hamburg,
March 1995. Extended Abstr. Vol., University of
Hamburg, pp. 143–148. [7.3]
Meincke, J., S. Jonsson and J. H. Swift, 1992:
Variability of convective conditions in the Greenland Sea. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 195, 32– 39. [7.3]
Meincke, J., B. Rudels and H. J. Friedrich, 1999: The
Arctic Ocean–Nordic Seas Thermohaline System.
ICES J. Mar. Sci 54, 283–299. [7.3]
Mellor, G. L. and T. Ezer, 1995: Sea level variations
induced by heating and cooling: An evaluation of
the Boussinesq approximation in ocean models.
J. Geophys. Res. 100, 20565–20577. [7.2]
Mellor, G. L. and T. Yamada, 1982: Development of
a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid
problems. Geophys. and Space Phys. 20, 851–
875. [7.2]
Mellor, G. L., T. Ezer and L.-Y. Oey, 1994: The
pressure gradient conundrum of sigma coordinate
ocean models. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 11,
1126–1134. [7.2]
Menemenlis, D. and M. Chechelnitsky, 2000: Error
estimates for an ocean general circulation model
from altimeter and acoustic tomography data.
Mon. Wea. Rev. 128, 763–778. [7.1]
Mensch, M., R. Bayer, J. L. Bullister, P. Schlosser and
R. Weiss, 1996: The distribution of tritium and
CFCs in the Weddell Sea during the mid 1980s.
Prog. Oceanogr. 38, 377–415. [5.8]
Mensch, M., W. M . Smethie, Jr, P. Schlosser, R.
Weppernig and R. Bayer, 1998: Transient tracer
observations from the western Weddell Sea during
the drift and recovery of Ice Station Weddell. In:
Ocean, Ice and Atmosphere: Interactions at
Antarctic Continental Margin, Vol. 75 of
Antarctic Research Series, S. S. Jacobs and R.
Weiss (eds), American Geophysical Union,
Washington, DC, pp. 241– 256. [4.6]
Mercier, H. and K. G. Speer, 1998: Transport of bottom water in the Romanche Fracture Zone and
the Chain Fracture Zone. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 28,
779–790. [4.5]
Meredith, M. P., J. M. Vassie, K. J. Heywood and
R. Spencer, 1996: On the temporal variability of
the transport through Drake Passage. J. Geophys.
Res. 101, 22485–22494. [4.6]
Merryfield, W. J., G. Holloway and A. E. Gargett,
1998: Differential vertical transport of heat and
salt by weak stratified turbulence. Geophys. Res.
Lett. 25, 2773–2776. [5.2]
Merryfield, W. J., G. Holloway and A. E. Gargett,
1999: A global ocean model with double-diffusive
mixing. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 29, 1124–1142. [7.2]
Messias, M.-J. and L. Mémery, 1998: South Atlantic
chlorofluoromethane distributions along the WHP
lines A17, A13, and A14. International WOCE
REFERENCES
648