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Nature 382, 436–439. [2.2, 3.3, 4.2, 4.3, 4.7, 6.1,
6.3, 7.1]
MacDonald, A. M., J. Candela and H. L. Bryden,
1994: An estimate of net heat transport through
the Strait of Gibraltar. In: Seasonal and
Interannual variability of the Western Mediterranean Sea, P. E. La Violette (ed.), Coastal and
Estuarine Studies, American Geophysical Union,
Washington, DC, Vol. 46, pp. 13–32. [5.7]
MacDonald, A. M., T. Suga and R. G. Curry, 2001:
An isopycnally averaged North Pacific climatology. J. Geophys. Res. (submitted). [7.1]
Madden, R. A. and P. R. Julian, 1994: Observations
of the 40–50 day tropical oscillation: a review,
Mon Weather Rev., 122, 814–827.
Madec, G. and P. Delecluse, 1997: The OPA/
ARPEGE and OPA/LMD global ocean atmosphere coupled model. International WOCE
Newsletter, No. 26, 12–15, WOCE International
Project Office (unpublished document). [2.3]
Madec, G., P. Delecluse, M. Imbard and C. Levy,
1998: OPA8.1 ocean general circulation model
reference manual. Note no. 11, Institut Pierre et
Simon Laplace, Université Pierre-et-Marie Curie,
Place Jussieu, Paris, France, 91 pp. [2.3]
Maes, C., 1998: Estimating the influence of salinity
on sea level anomaly in the ocean. Geophys. Res.
Lett. 25, 3551–3554. [3.3, 4.7]
Maier-Reimer,
E.,
U.
Mikolajewicz
and
K. Hasselmann, 1993: Mean circulation of the
Hamburg LSG OGCM and its sensitivity to the
thermohaline surface forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr.
23, 731–757. [2.3]
Maier-Reimer, E., U. Mikolajewicz and A. Winguth,
1996: Future ocean uptake of CO 2 : interaction
between ocean circulation and biology. Climate
Dyn. 2, 711–721. [2.3]
Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., 1996: Modern Approaches to
Data Assimilation in Ocean Modeling. Elsevier,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 61, 455 pp.
[7.1, 7.2]
Malkus, J. S. 1962: Interchange of properties
between sea and air: Large scale interaction. The
Sea, M. N. Hill, Ed., Vol. 1, Wiley (Interscience),
New York, 88–294. [3.4]
Malmberg, Sv.-A., 1983: Hydrographic investigations in the Iceland and Greenland Seas in late
winter 1971 – ‘Deep Water Project.’ Jökull 33,
133–140. [7.3]
Maltrud, M. E., R. D. Smith, A. J. Semtner and
R. C. Malone, 1998: Global eddy-resolving ocean
simulations driven by 1985–1995 atmospheric
winds. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 30825–30853. [2.2,
4.6]
Manabe, S. and R. J. Stouffer, 1979: A CO 2 -
climate sensitivity study with a mathematical
model of the global climate. Nature 282,
491–493. [2.2]
Manabe, S. and R. J. Stouffer, 1980: Sensitivity of a
climate model to an increase of CO 2 concentration
in the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 85, 5529–
5554. [2.2]
Manabe, S. and R. J. Stouffer, 1988: Two stable
equilibria of a coupled ocean–atmosphere model.
J. Climate 1, 841–866. [1.2, 2.3, 5.6]
Manabe, S. and R. J. Stouffer, 1993: Century-scale
effects of increased atmospheric CO 2 on the
ocean–atmosphere system. Nature 364, 215–218.
[1.1, 2.3, 7.3]
Manabe, S. and R. J. Stouffer, 1994: Multiple century response of a coupled ocean–atmosphere
model to an increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide. J. Climate 7, 5–23. [2.1, 7.3]
Manabe, S. and R. J. Stouffer, 1997: Coupled
ocean–atmosphere model response to freshwater
input: Comparison to Younger Dryas event.
Paleoceanography 12, 321–336. [1.2, 2.3]
Manabe, S. and R. T. Wetherald, 1975: The effect of
doubling CO 2 concentration on the climate of
a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci. 32, 3–
15. [2.2]
Manabe, S., K. Bryan and M. J. Spelman, 1979: A
global ocean–atmosphere model with seasonal
variation for future studies of climate sensitivity.
Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 3, 393–426. [2.3]
Manabe, S., R. J. Stouffer, M. J. Spelman and
K. Bryan, 1991: Transient responses of a coupled
ocean–atmosphere model to gradual changes of
atmospheric CO 2 . Part I: Annual mean response.
J. Climate 4, 785–818. [2.3]
Manabe, S., M. J. Spelman and R. J. Stouffer, 1992:
Transient response of a coupled ocean–atmosphere model to gradual changes of atmospheric
CO 2 . Part II: Seasonal response. J. Climate 5,
105–126. [6.1]
Mann, C. R., 1969: Temperature and salinity characteristics of the Denmark Strait overflow. Deep-Sea
Res. (suppl. 16), 125–137. [5.6]
Mantisi, F., C. Beauverger, A. Poisson and N. Metzl,
1991: Chlorofluoromethanes in the western
Indian sector of the Southern Ocean and their
relations with geochemical tracers. Mar. Chem.
Amsterdam 35(1–4), 151–167. [4.6]
Mantua, N. J., S. R. Hare, Y. Zhang, J. M. Wallace
and R. C. Francis, 1997: A Pacific interdecadal
climate oscillation with impacts on salmon
REFERENCES
644