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the Atlantic thermocline. J. Geophys. Res. 90,
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Kawase, M. and J. L. Sarmiento, 1986: Circulation
and nutrients in middepth Atlantic waters.
J. Geophys. Res. 91, 9749–9770. [4.4]
Keeling, C. D. and Heimann, M., 1986: Meridional eddy diffusion model of the transport
of atmospheric carbon dioxide. 2. Mean annual
carbon cycle. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 7782–
7796. [6.3]
Keeling, C. D., R. B. Bacastow, A. L. Carter et al.,
1989: A three dimensional model of atmospheric
CO 2 transport based on observed winds: 1. Analysis
of observational data. In: Aspects of Climate
Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas.,
D. H. Peterson (ed.), American Geophysical Union,
Washington, DC, pp. 165–236. [6.3]
Keeling, C. D., T. P. Whorf, M. Wahlen and
J. Vanderplicht, 1995: Interannual extremes in the
rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since
1980. Nature 375, 666–670. [6.3]
Keeling, R. F. and T. H. Peng, 1995: Transport of
heat, CO 2 and O 2 by the Atlantic’s thermohaline
circulation. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 348,
133–142. [6.3]
Keeling, R. F., R. P. Najjar and M. L. Bender, 1993:
What atmospheric oxygen measurements can
tell us about the global carbon cycle. Glob.
Biogeochem. Cycles 7, 37–67. [6.3]
Keeling, R. F., S. C. Piper and M. Heimann, 1996:
Global and hemispheric CO 2 sinks deduced from
changes in atmospheric O 2 concentration. Nature
381, 218–221. [6.3]
Keffer, T., 1985: The ventilation of the World’s
oceans: Maps of the potential vorticity field.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 15, 509–523. [4.2]
Keigwin, L. D., W. B. Curry, S. J. Lehmann and
S. Johnsen, 1994: The role of the deep ocean in
North Atlantic climate change between 70 and
130 kyr ago. Nature 371, 323–325. [1.1]
Keir, R. S., R. L. Michel and R. F. Weiss, 1992: Ocean
mixing versus exchange in Antarctic Shelf Waters
near 150°E. Deep-Sea Res. 39, 97–119. [5.8]
Keith, D. W., 1995: Meridional energy transport:
uncertainty in zonal means. Tellus 47A, 30–44.
[6.1, 6.2]
Kelley, D. E., 1984: Effective diffusivities within
oceanic thermohaline staircases. J. Geophys. Res.
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Kelley, D. E., 1990: Fluxes through diffusive staircases: A new formulation. J. Geophys. Res. 95,
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Kelly, K. A., 1991: The meandering Gulf Stream as
seen by the GEOSAT Altimeter: surface transport,
position, and velocity variance from 73° to 46°W.
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Kelly, K. A. and S. T. Gille, 1990: Gulf stream surface
transport and statistics at 69° W from the
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3161. [3.3]
Kelly, K. A. and B. Qiu, 1995a: Heat flux estimates
for the western North Atlantic. Part I: assimilation
of satellite data into a mixed layer model. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 25, 2344–2360. [3.3]
Kelly, K. A. and B. Qiu, 1995b: Heat flux estimates
for the western North Atlantic. Part II: the upper
ocean heat balance. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 2361–
2373. [3.3]
Kelly, K. A., T. M. Joyce, D. M. Schubert and
M. J. Caruso, 1991: The Mean Sea Surface
and Geoid along the Geosat Subtrack from
Bermuda to Cape Cod. J. Geophys. Res. 96,
12699–12709. [3.3]
Kelly, K. A., M. J. Caruso and J. A. Austin, 1993:
Wind-forced variations in sea-surface height in the
Northeast Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23,
2392–2411. [3.3]
Kelly, K. A., S. Singh and R. X. Huang, 1999: Seasonal
variations of sea-surface height in the Gulf Stream
region. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 29, 313–327. [3.3]
Kennan, S. C., P. P. Niiler and A. Sybrandy, 1998:
Advances in drifting buoy technology. International WOCE Newsletter, No. 30, 7–10,
WOCE International Project Office (unpublished
document). [4.1]
Kent, E. C. and P. K. Taylor, 1995: A comparison of
sensible and latent heat flux estimations for the
North Atlantic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25,
1530–1549. [5.1]
Kent, E. C., P. G. Challenor and P. K. Taylor, 1999:
A statistical determination of the random observational errors present in voluntary observing ships’
meteorological reports. J. Atmos. Oceanic
Technol. 16, 920–929. [6.1]
Kessler, W. S. and J. P. McCreary, 1993: The annual
wind-driven Rossby wave in the subthermocline
Equatorial Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 1192–
1207. [4.3]
Key, R. M., 1996: WOCE Pacific Ocean radiocarbon
program. Radiocarbon 38, 415–423. [3.1, 5.8]
Key, R. M., C. Rooth, G. Östlund and M. Stuiver,
1996: Ventilation of the Deep Pacific Ocean,
AGU/ASLO 1996 Ocean Sciences Meeting, San
Diego, CA, EOS 76, No. 3, p. OS40. [5.8]
Kidson, J. W., 1988: Indices of the Southern Hemisphere zonal wind. J. Climate 1, 183–194. [7.3]
Kiehl J. T. and K. E. Trenberth, 1997: Earth’s Annual
Global Mean Energy Budget. Bull. Amer. Meteor.
Soc. 78, 197–208. [1.2]
REFERENCES
636
the Atlantic thermocline. J. Geophys. Res. 90,
8960–8979. [4.4]
Kawase, M. and J. L. Sarmiento, 1986: Circulation
and nutrients in middepth Atlantic waters.
J. Geophys. Res. 91, 9749–9770. [4.4]
Keeling, C. D. and Heimann, M., 1986: Meridional eddy diffusion model of the transport
of atmospheric carbon dioxide. 2. Mean annual
carbon cycle. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 7782–
7796. [6.3]
Keeling, C. D., R. B. Bacastow, A. L. Carter et al.,
1989: A three dimensional model of atmospheric
CO 2 transport based on observed winds: 1. Analysis
of observational data. In: Aspects of Climate
Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas.,
D. H. Peterson (ed.), American Geophysical Union,
Washington, DC, pp. 165–236. [6.3]
Keeling, C. D., T. P. Whorf, M. Wahlen and
J. Vanderplicht, 1995: Interannual extremes in the
rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since
1980. Nature 375, 666–670. [6.3]
Keeling, R. F. and T. H. Peng, 1995: Transport of
heat, CO 2 and O 2 by the Atlantic’s thermohaline
circulation. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 348,
133–142. [6.3]
Keeling, R. F., R. P. Najjar and M. L. Bender, 1993:
What atmospheric oxygen measurements can
tell us about the global carbon cycle. Glob.
Biogeochem. Cycles 7, 37–67. [6.3]
Keeling, R. F., S. C. Piper and M. Heimann, 1996:
Global and hemispheric CO 2 sinks deduced from
changes in atmospheric O 2 concentration. Nature
381, 218–221. [6.3]
Keffer, T., 1985: The ventilation of the World’s
oceans: Maps of the potential vorticity field.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 15, 509–523. [4.2]
Keigwin, L. D., W. B. Curry, S. J. Lehmann and
S. Johnsen, 1994: The role of the deep ocean in
North Atlantic climate change between 70 and
130 kyr ago. Nature 371, 323–325. [1.1]
Keir, R. S., R. L. Michel and R. F. Weiss, 1992: Ocean
mixing versus exchange in Antarctic Shelf Waters
near 150°E. Deep-Sea Res. 39, 97–119. [5.8]
Keith, D. W., 1995: Meridional energy transport:
uncertainty in zonal means. Tellus 47A, 30–44.
[6.1, 6.2]
Kelley, D. E., 1984: Effective diffusivities within
oceanic thermohaline staircases. J. Geophys. Res.
89, 10484–10488. [5.2]
Kelley, D. E., 1990: Fluxes through diffusive staircases: A new formulation. J. Geophys. Res. 95,
3365–3371. [5.2]
Kelly, K. A., 1991: The meandering Gulf Stream as
seen by the GEOSAT Altimeter: surface transport,
position, and velocity variance from 73° to 46°W.
J. Geophys. Res. 96, 16721–16738. [3.3]
Kelly, K. A. and S. T. Gille, 1990: Gulf stream surface
transport and statistics at 69° W from the
GEOSAT altimeter. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 3149–
3161. [3.3]
Kelly, K. A. and B. Qiu, 1995a: Heat flux estimates
for the western North Atlantic. Part I: assimilation
of satellite data into a mixed layer model. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 25, 2344–2360. [3.3]
Kelly, K. A. and B. Qiu, 1995b: Heat flux estimates
for the western North Atlantic. Part II: the upper
ocean heat balance. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 2361–
2373. [3.3]
Kelly, K. A., T. M. Joyce, D. M. Schubert and
M. J. Caruso, 1991: The Mean Sea Surface
and Geoid along the Geosat Subtrack from
Bermuda to Cape Cod. J. Geophys. Res. 96,
12699–12709. [3.3]
Kelly, K. A., M. J. Caruso and J. A. Austin, 1993:
Wind-forced variations in sea-surface height in the
Northeast Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23,
2392–2411. [3.3]
Kelly, K. A., S. Singh and R. X. Huang, 1999: Seasonal
variations of sea-surface height in the Gulf Stream
region. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 29, 313–327. [3.3]
Kennan, S. C., P. P. Niiler and A. Sybrandy, 1998:
Advances in drifting buoy technology. International WOCE Newsletter, No. 30, 7–10,
WOCE International Project Office (unpublished
document). [4.1]
Kent, E. C. and P. K. Taylor, 1995: A comparison of
sensible and latent heat flux estimations for the
North Atlantic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25,
1530–1549. [5.1]
Kent, E. C., P. G. Challenor and P. K. Taylor, 1999:
A statistical determination of the random observational errors present in voluntary observing ships’
meteorological reports. J. Atmos. Oceanic
Technol. 16, 920–929. [6.1]
Kessler, W. S. and J. P. McCreary, 1993: The annual
wind-driven Rossby wave in the subthermocline
Equatorial Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 1192–
1207. [4.3]
Key, R. M., 1996: WOCE Pacific Ocean radiocarbon
program. Radiocarbon 38, 415–423. [3.1, 5.8]
Key, R. M., C. Rooth, G. Östlund and M. Stuiver,
1996: Ventilation of the Deep Pacific Ocean,
AGU/ASLO 1996 Ocean Sciences Meeting, San
Diego, CA, EOS 76, No. 3, p. OS40. [5.8]
Kidson, J. W., 1988: Indices of the Southern Hemisphere zonal wind. J. Climate 1, 183–194. [7.3]
Kiehl J. T. and K. E. Trenberth, 1997: Earth’s Annual
Global Mean Energy Budget. Bull. Amer. Meteor.
Soc. 78, 197–208. [1.2]
REFERENCES
636