negligible:
͐͐Sv dx dz:T i
S
(6.2.1)
where (␳ is the in-situ density, S the salinity, v the
cross-track velocity and x the along-track direction.
T i
S represents the total salt transport associated
with the interbasin exchange (e.g. Bering Strait or
the Indonesian Throughflow).
Mass conservation is written as:
͐͐v dx dz;[P9E;R]:T i
M
(6.2.2)
where E, P and R are the net fluxes respectively
into the surface of the ocean volume of evaporation, precipitation and runoff, and T i
M is the interbasin mass transport. In the haline ocean, the pure
SECTION 6 LARGE-SCALE OCEAN TRANSPORTS
480
10 00
100 0
1000
1000
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
2000
20 00
2000
2 5 0
250
2
5
0
2 5 0
25
0
2 5 0
250
25 0
250
2 5 0
250
500
Mean Annual
Precipitation Rate (mm yr
–1 )
Standard Deviation of Annual
Precipitation Rate (mm yr
–1 )
50°E
100°
150°
200°
250°
300°
350°
80°S
60°
40°
20°
0°
20°
40°
60°
80°N
80°S
60°
40°
20°
0°
20°
40°
60°
80°N
(a)
(b)
Fig. 6.2.3 Average (a) and standard deviation (b) of an ensemble of eight estimates of precipitation over the
oceans based on the products in Table 6.2.1. Units are mm yr
91 and the contour interval is 250 mm yr
91 .