R ec y c li
n g
R
ec y c li
n g
RIVER
R
U N O FF
Biomass
Decomposition
Puptake
Dissolved-P
Decomposition
Particulate-P
Benthic
Return
P-flux
Benthic
Return
P-flux
Benthic
Return
P-flux
Photosynthetic
P-uptake
Coastal
Upwelling
Crops
Dust
Biomass
Storage
Litter fall
E
r o s io n
Ph
y s ic a l
SOIL
SHELF SEDIMENTS
PHOTIC
ZONE
APHOTIC
ZONE
SLOPE SEDIMENTS
TERRESTRIAL
MARINE
BEDROCK
ABYSSAL SEDIMENTS
• deep soil (> 60 cm)
• marine sediments
• lithified sediments
• crystalline rocks
U
P
L
I
F
T
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
W e a t h e ri ng
Groundwater
Particle
Settling
Upwelling
Downwelling
Characteristic deep-sea
dissolved phosphate
profiles
for three
ocean basins
Sedimentation
Erosion: (biomass, soil particles)
Chemical Weathering: (dissolved-P)
Algae
Algae
Sedimentation
hν
hν
hν
THE GLOBAL PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
THE GLOBAL PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
0
1
2
3
1000
m
2000
3000
4000
PO
4 (µmol l
_ 1 )
4
Indian
Atlantic
Pacific
P org
P org
P auth
P Fe
P auth
P Fe
P detr
Mining/
Fertilizer-P
Figure 1 Cartoon illustrating the major reservoirs and fluxes of phosphorus described in the text and summarized in Tables Table 1 and 2. The oceanic photic zone, idealized in the cartoon,
is typically thinner in coastal environments owing to turbidity from continental terrigenous input, and deepens as the water column clarifies with distance away from the continental margins.
The distribution of phosphorus among different chemical/mineral forms in marine sediments is given in the pie diagrams, where the abbreviations used are: P org , organic phosphorus; P Fe ,
iron-bound phosphorus; P detr , detrital apatite; P auth , authigenic/biogenic apatite. The P org , P Fe , and P auth reservoirs represent potentially reactive phosphorus pools (see text and Tables 2 and
5 for discussion), whereas the P detr pool reflects mainly detrital apatite weathered off the continents and passively deposited in marine sediments (note that P detr is not an important
sedimentary phosphorus component in abyssal sediments, far from continents).Continental margin phosphorus speciation data were compiled from Louchouarn P, Lucotte M, Duchemin E
and de Vernal A (1997) Early diagenetic processes in recent sediments of the Gulf of St-Lawrence: Phosphorus, carbon and iron burial rates. Marine Geology 139(1/4): 181–200, and
Ruttenberg KC and Berner RA (1993) Authigenic apatite formation and burial in sediments from non-upwelling continental margin environments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57:
991–1007. Abyssal sediment phosphorus speciation data were compiled from Filippelli GM and Delaney ML (1996) Phosphorus geochemistry of equatorial Pacific sediments. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta 60: 1479}1495, and Ruttenberg KC (1990) Diagenesis and burial of phosphorus in marine sediments: implications for the marine phosphorus budget. PhD thesis, Yale
University. The global phosphorus cycle cartoon is from Ruttenberg (2000). The global phosphorus cycle. In: The Encyclopedia of Global Change, Oxford University Press. (in Press), with
permission. The vertical water column distributions of phosphate typically observed in the three ocean basins are shown in the panel to the right of the global phosphorus cycle cartoon, and
are from Sverdrup HV, Johnson MW and Fleming RH (1942) The Oceans, Their Physics, Chemistry and General Biology. New York: Prentice Hall, ^ 1942 Prentice Hall; used with
permission.
568 PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
n g
R
ec y c li
n g
RIVER
R
U N O FF
Biomass
Decomposition
Puptake
Dissolved-P
Decomposition
Particulate-P
Benthic
Return
P-flux
Benthic
Return
P-flux
Benthic
Return
P-flux
Photosynthetic
P-uptake
Coastal
Upwelling
Crops
Dust
Biomass
Storage
Litter fall
E
r o s io n
Ph
y s ic a l
SOIL
SHELF SEDIMENTS
PHOTIC
ZONE
APHOTIC
ZONE
SLOPE SEDIMENTS
TERRESTRIAL
MARINE
BEDROCK
ABYSSAL SEDIMENTS
• deep soil (> 60 cm)
• marine sediments
• lithified sediments
• crystalline rocks
U
P
L
I
F
T
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
W e a t h e ri ng
Groundwater
Particle
Settling
Upwelling
Downwelling
Characteristic deep-sea
dissolved phosphate
profiles
for three
ocean basins
Sedimentation
Erosion: (biomass, soil particles)
Chemical Weathering: (dissolved-P)
Algae
Algae
Sedimentation
hν
hν
hν
THE GLOBAL PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
THE GLOBAL PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
0
1
2
3
1000
m
2000
3000
4000
PO
4 (µmol l
_ 1 )
4
Indian
Atlantic
Pacific
P org
P org
P auth
P Fe
P auth
P Fe
P detr
Mining/
Fertilizer-P
Figure 1 Cartoon illustrating the major reservoirs and fluxes of phosphorus described in the text and summarized in Tables Table 1 and 2. The oceanic photic zone, idealized in the cartoon,
is typically thinner in coastal environments owing to turbidity from continental terrigenous input, and deepens as the water column clarifies with distance away from the continental margins.
The distribution of phosphorus among different chemical/mineral forms in marine sediments is given in the pie diagrams, where the abbreviations used are: P org , organic phosphorus; P Fe ,
iron-bound phosphorus; P detr , detrital apatite; P auth , authigenic/biogenic apatite. The P org , P Fe , and P auth reservoirs represent potentially reactive phosphorus pools (see text and Tables 2 and
5 for discussion), whereas the P detr pool reflects mainly detrital apatite weathered off the continents and passively deposited in marine sediments (note that P detr is not an important
sedimentary phosphorus component in abyssal sediments, far from continents).Continental margin phosphorus speciation data were compiled from Louchouarn P, Lucotte M, Duchemin E
and de Vernal A (1997) Early diagenetic processes in recent sediments of the Gulf of St-Lawrence: Phosphorus, carbon and iron burial rates. Marine Geology 139(1/4): 181–200, and
Ruttenberg KC and Berner RA (1993) Authigenic apatite formation and burial in sediments from non-upwelling continental margin environments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57:
991–1007. Abyssal sediment phosphorus speciation data were compiled from Filippelli GM and Delaney ML (1996) Phosphorus geochemistry of equatorial Pacific sediments. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta 60: 1479}1495, and Ruttenberg KC (1990) Diagenesis and burial of phosphorus in marine sediments: implications for the marine phosphorus budget. PhD thesis, Yale
University. The global phosphorus cycle cartoon is from Ruttenberg (2000). The global phosphorus cycle. In: The Encyclopedia of Global Change, Oxford University Press. (in Press), with
permission. The vertical water column distributions of phosphate typically observed in the three ocean basins are shown in the panel to the right of the global phosphorus cycle cartoon, and
are from Sverdrup HV, Johnson MW and Fleming RH (1942) The Oceans, Their Physics, Chemistry and General Biology. New York: Prentice Hall, ^ 1942 Prentice Hall; used with
permission.
568 PHOSPHORUS CYCLE