ancient CO 2 levels. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 6:
185--198.
Godde ´ris Y and Franc¸ ois LM (1996) Balancing the
Cenozoic carbon and alkalinity cycles: constraints from
isotopic records. Geophysical Research Letters 23:
3743--3746.
Harland WB, Armstrong RL, Cox AV, et al. (1990) A
Geologic Time Scale 1989. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Hayes JM, Strauss H, and Kaufman AJ (1999) The
abundance of
13 C in marine organic matter and isotopic
fractionation in the global biogeochemical cycle of
carbon during the past 800 Ma. Chemical Geology 161:
103--125.
Kump LR and Arthur MA (1997) Global chemical erosion
during the Cenozoic: weatherability balances the
budgets. In: Ruddiman WF (ed.) Tectonic Uplift and
Climate Change. New York: Plenum Press.
Kump LR, Kasting JF, and Crane RG (1999) The Earth
System. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Lasaga AC, Berner RA, and Garrels RM (1985) An
improved geochemical model of atmospheric CO 2
fluctuations over the past 100 million years.
In: Sundquist E and Broecker WS (eds.) The Carbon
Cycle and Atmospheric CO 2 : Natural Variations
Archean to Present Geophysical Monograph, vol. 32,
pp. 397--411. Washington, DC: American Geophysical
Union.
Opdyke BN and Wilkinson BH (1988) Sea surface area
control of shallow cratonic to deep marine carbonate
accumulation. Paleoceanography 3: 685--703.
Pearson PN and Palmer MR (2000) Atmospheric carbon
dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years.
Nature 406: 695--699.
Raymo ME (1991) Geochemical evidence supporting T.C.
Chamberlin’s theory of glaciation. Geology 19:
344--347.
Ruddiman WF (ed.) (1997) Tectonic Uplift and Climate
Change. New York: Plenum Press.
Van Andel TH (1975) Mesozoic-Cenozoic calcite
compensation depth and the global distribution of
calcareous sediments. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters 26: 187--194.
Van Andel TH (1994) New Views on an Old Planet: a
History of Global Change, 2nd edn. Cambridge:
Cambridge Universitys Press.
Walker JCG, Hays PB, and Kasting JF (1981) A negative
feedback mechanism for the long-term stabilization of
Earth’s surface temperature. Journal of Geophysical
Research 86: 9776--9782.
532 CENOZOIC OCEANS – CARBON CYCLE MODELS
185--198.
Godde ´ris Y and Franc¸ ois LM (1996) Balancing the
Cenozoic carbon and alkalinity cycles: constraints from
isotopic records. Geophysical Research Letters 23:
3743--3746.
Harland WB, Armstrong RL, Cox AV, et al. (1990) A
Geologic Time Scale 1989. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Hayes JM, Strauss H, and Kaufman AJ (1999) The
abundance of
13 C in marine organic matter and isotopic
fractionation in the global biogeochemical cycle of
carbon during the past 800 Ma. Chemical Geology 161:
103--125.
Kump LR and Arthur MA (1997) Global chemical erosion
during the Cenozoic: weatherability balances the
budgets. In: Ruddiman WF (ed.) Tectonic Uplift and
Climate Change. New York: Plenum Press.
Kump LR, Kasting JF, and Crane RG (1999) The Earth
System. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Lasaga AC, Berner RA, and Garrels RM (1985) An
improved geochemical model of atmospheric CO 2
fluctuations over the past 100 million years.
In: Sundquist E and Broecker WS (eds.) The Carbon
Cycle and Atmospheric CO 2 : Natural Variations
Archean to Present Geophysical Monograph, vol. 32,
pp. 397--411. Washington, DC: American Geophysical
Union.
Opdyke BN and Wilkinson BH (1988) Sea surface area
control of shallow cratonic to deep marine carbonate
accumulation. Paleoceanography 3: 685--703.
Pearson PN and Palmer MR (2000) Atmospheric carbon
dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years.
Nature 406: 695--699.
Raymo ME (1991) Geochemical evidence supporting T.C.
Chamberlin’s theory of glaciation. Geology 19:
344--347.
Ruddiman WF (ed.) (1997) Tectonic Uplift and Climate
Change. New York: Plenum Press.
Van Andel TH (1975) Mesozoic-Cenozoic calcite
compensation depth and the global distribution of
calcareous sediments. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters 26: 187--194.
Van Andel TH (1994) New Views on an Old Planet: a
History of Global Change, 2nd edn. Cambridge:
Cambridge Universitys Press.
Walker JCG, Hays PB, and Kasting JF (1981) A negative
feedback mechanism for the long-term stabilization of
Earth’s surface temperature. Journal of Geophysical
Research 86: 9776--9782.
532 CENOZOIC OCEANS – CARBON CYCLE MODELS