Studies and Paleotemperatures, pp. 1--122. Spoleto:
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Laboratorio di
Geologica Nucleare, Pisa.
Emiliani C (1955) Pleistocene temperatures. Journal of
Geology 63: 539--578.
Epstein S, Buchsbaum R, Lowenstam H, and Urey HC
(1953) Revised carbonate-water temperature scale.
Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 64:
1315--1326.
Fairbanks RG, Charles CD, and Wright JD (1992) Origin
of Melt Water Pulses. In: Taylor RE, Long A, and Kra
RS (eds.) Radiocarbon After Four Decades,
pp. 473--500. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Imbrie J, Hays JD, Martinson DG, et al. (1984) The orbital
theory of Pleistocene climate: support from a revised
chronology of the marine d
18 O record. In: Berger AL,
Imbrie J, Hays JD, Kukla G, and Saltzman B (eds.)
Milankovitch and Climate, part I, pp. 269--305.
Dordrecht: Reidel.
Lear CH, Elderfield H, and Wilson PA (1999) Cenozoic
deep-sea temperatures and global ice volumes from Mg/
Ca in benthic foraminiferal calcite. Science 287:
269--272.
Miller KG, Fairbanks RG, and Mountain GS (1987)
Tertiary oxygen isotope synthesis, sea-level history, and
continental margin erosion. Paleoceanography 2: 1--19.
Miller KG, Wright JD, and Fairbanks RG (1991)
Unlocking the Ice House: Oligocene–Miocene oxygen
isotopes, eustasy, and margin erosion. Journal of
Geophysical Research 96: 6829--6848.
Pagani M, Arthur MA, and Freeman KH (1999) Miocene
evolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Paleoceanography 14: 273--292.
Palmer MR, Pearson PN, and Cobb SJ (1998)
Reconstructing past ocean pH-depth profiles. Science
282: 1468--1471.
Pearson PN and Palmer MR (1999) Middle Eocene
seawater pH and atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentrations. Science 284: 1824--1826.
Rozanski K, Araguas-Araguas L and Gonfiantini R (1993)
Isotopic patterns in modern global precipitation. In:
Swart PK, McKenzie J and Savin S (eds) Climate
Change in Continental Isotopic Records. Geophysical
Monograph 78, pp. 1–35. Washington, DC: American
Geophysical Union.
Rye DM and Sommer MA (1980) Reconstructing
paleotemperature and paleosalinity regimes with
oxygen isotopes. In: Rhoads DC and Lutz RA (eds.)
Skeletal Growth of Aquatic Organisms, pp. 162--202.
New York: Plenum.
Savin SM, Douglas RG, and Stehli FG (1975) Tertiary
marine paleotemperatures. Geological Society of
America Bulletin 86: 1499--1510.
Shackleton NJ (1967) Oxygen isotope analyses and
Pleistocene temperatures re-assessed. Nature 215:
115--117.
Shackleton NJ, Berger A, and Peltier WR (1990) An
alternative astronomical calibration of the Lower
Pleistocene time scale based on ODP Site 677.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth
Science 81: 251--261.
Shackleton NJ and Kennett JP (1975) Paleotemperature
history of the Cenozoic and initiation of Antarctic
glaciation. Oxygen and carbon isotopic analysis in
DSDP Sites 277, 279, and 281. Initial Report Deep Sea
Drilling Project 29: 743--755.
Shackleton NJ and Opdyke ND (1973) Oxygen isotope
and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of equatorial Pacific
core V28-238. Oxygen isotope temperatures and ice
volumes on a 10
5 year and 10
6 year scale. Quaternary
Research 3: 39--55.
Tiedemann RM, Sarnthein M, and Shackleton NJ (1994)
Astronomic calibration for the Pliocene Atlantic d
18
O
and dust flux records of Ocean Drilling Program Site
659. Paleoceanography 9: 619--638.
Urey HC (1947) The thermodynamic properties of isotopic substances. Journal of the Chemical Society
pp. 562--581.
422 CENOZOIC CLIMATE – OXYGEN ISOTOPE EVIDENCE
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Laboratorio di
Geologica Nucleare, Pisa.
Emiliani C (1955) Pleistocene temperatures. Journal of
Geology 63: 539--578.
Epstein S, Buchsbaum R, Lowenstam H, and Urey HC
(1953) Revised carbonate-water temperature scale.
Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 64:
1315--1326.
Fairbanks RG, Charles CD, and Wright JD (1992) Origin
of Melt Water Pulses. In: Taylor RE, Long A, and Kra
RS (eds.) Radiocarbon After Four Decades,
pp. 473--500. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Imbrie J, Hays JD, Martinson DG, et al. (1984) The orbital
theory of Pleistocene climate: support from a revised
chronology of the marine d
18 O record. In: Berger AL,
Imbrie J, Hays JD, Kukla G, and Saltzman B (eds.)
Milankovitch and Climate, part I, pp. 269--305.
Dordrecht: Reidel.
Lear CH, Elderfield H, and Wilson PA (1999) Cenozoic
deep-sea temperatures and global ice volumes from Mg/
Ca in benthic foraminiferal calcite. Science 287:
269--272.
Miller KG, Fairbanks RG, and Mountain GS (1987)
Tertiary oxygen isotope synthesis, sea-level history, and
continental margin erosion. Paleoceanography 2: 1--19.
Miller KG, Wright JD, and Fairbanks RG (1991)
Unlocking the Ice House: Oligocene–Miocene oxygen
isotopes, eustasy, and margin erosion. Journal of
Geophysical Research 96: 6829--6848.
Pagani M, Arthur MA, and Freeman KH (1999) Miocene
evolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Paleoceanography 14: 273--292.
Palmer MR, Pearson PN, and Cobb SJ (1998)
Reconstructing past ocean pH-depth profiles. Science
282: 1468--1471.
Pearson PN and Palmer MR (1999) Middle Eocene
seawater pH and atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentrations. Science 284: 1824--1826.
Rozanski K, Araguas-Araguas L and Gonfiantini R (1993)
Isotopic patterns in modern global precipitation. In:
Swart PK, McKenzie J and Savin S (eds) Climate
Change in Continental Isotopic Records. Geophysical
Monograph 78, pp. 1–35. Washington, DC: American
Geophysical Union.
Rye DM and Sommer MA (1980) Reconstructing
paleotemperature and paleosalinity regimes with
oxygen isotopes. In: Rhoads DC and Lutz RA (eds.)
Skeletal Growth of Aquatic Organisms, pp. 162--202.
New York: Plenum.
Savin SM, Douglas RG, and Stehli FG (1975) Tertiary
marine paleotemperatures. Geological Society of
America Bulletin 86: 1499--1510.
Shackleton NJ (1967) Oxygen isotope analyses and
Pleistocene temperatures re-assessed. Nature 215:
115--117.
Shackleton NJ, Berger A, and Peltier WR (1990) An
alternative astronomical calibration of the Lower
Pleistocene time scale based on ODP Site 677.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth
Science 81: 251--261.
Shackleton NJ and Kennett JP (1975) Paleotemperature
history of the Cenozoic and initiation of Antarctic
glaciation. Oxygen and carbon isotopic analysis in
DSDP Sites 277, 279, and 281. Initial Report Deep Sea
Drilling Project 29: 743--755.
Shackleton NJ and Opdyke ND (1973) Oxygen isotope
and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of equatorial Pacific
core V28-238. Oxygen isotope temperatures and ice
volumes on a 10
5 year and 10
6 year scale. Quaternary
Research 3: 39--55.
Tiedemann RM, Sarnthein M, and Shackleton NJ (1994)
Astronomic calibration for the Pliocene Atlantic d
18
O
and dust flux records of Ocean Drilling Program Site
659. Paleoceanography 9: 619--638.
Urey HC (1947) The thermodynamic properties of isotopic substances. Journal of the Chemical Society
pp. 562--581.
422 CENOZOIC CLIMATE – OXYGEN ISOTOPE EVIDENCE