atmospheric fluxes of these materials to the ocean are
large. The primary reasons for these large uncertainties are:
• The lack of atmospheric concentration data over
vast regions of the coastal and open ocean, particularly over extended periods of time and under
varying meteorological conditions;
• The episodic nature of the atmospheric deposition
to the ocean;
• The lack of accurate models of air/sea exchange,
particularly for gases;
• The inability to measure accurately the dry deposition of particles; and
• The inability to measure accurately the air/sea
exchange of gases.
See also
Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons.
Metal
Pollution.
Refractory Metals. Transition Metals and Heavy
Metal Speciation.
Further Reading
Duce RA (1998) Atmospheric Input of Pollution to the
Oceans, pp. 9–26. Proceedings of the Commission for
Marine Meteorology Technical Conference on Marine
Pollution, World Meteorological Organization TD-No.
890, Geneva, Switzerland.
Duce RA, Liss PS, Merrill JT, et al. (1991) The atmospheric
input of trace species to the world ocean. Global
Biogeochemical Cycles 5: 193--259.
Galloway JN, Schlesinger WH, Levy H, Michaels A, and
Schnoor JL (1995) Nitrogen fixation: anthropogenic
enhancement – environmental reponse. Global
Biogeochemical Cycles 9: 235--252.
Jickells TD (1995) Atmospheric inputs of metals and
nutrients to the oceans: their magnitude and effects.
Marine Chemistry 48: 199--214.
Liss PS and Duce RA (1997) The Sea Surface and Global
Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Paerl HW and Whitall DR (1999) Anthropogenicallyderived atmospheric nitrogen deposition, marine
eutrophication and harmful algal bloom expansion: Is
there a link? Ambio 28: 307--311.
Prospero JM, Barrett K, Church T, et al. (1996) Nitrogen
dynamics of the North Atlantic Ocean – Atmospheric
deposition of nutrients to the North Atlantic Ocean.
Biogeochemistry 35: 27--73.
van den Hout KD (ed.) (1994) The Impact of Atmospheric
Deposition of Non-Acidifying Pollutants on the Quality
of European Forest Soils and the North Sea. Report of
the ESQUAD Project, IMW-TNO Report No. R 93/
329.
290 ATMOSPHERIC INPUT OF POLLUTANTS
large. The primary reasons for these large uncertainties are:
• The lack of atmospheric concentration data over
vast regions of the coastal and open ocean, particularly over extended periods of time and under
varying meteorological conditions;
• The episodic nature of the atmospheric deposition
to the ocean;
• The lack of accurate models of air/sea exchange,
particularly for gases;
• The inability to measure accurately the dry deposition of particles; and
• The inability to measure accurately the air/sea
exchange of gases.
See also
Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons.
Metal
Pollution.
Refractory Metals. Transition Metals and Heavy
Metal Speciation.
Further Reading
Duce RA (1998) Atmospheric Input of Pollution to the
Oceans, pp. 9–26. Proceedings of the Commission for
Marine Meteorology Technical Conference on Marine
Pollution, World Meteorological Organization TD-No.
890, Geneva, Switzerland.
Duce RA, Liss PS, Merrill JT, et al. (1991) The atmospheric
input of trace species to the world ocean. Global
Biogeochemical Cycles 5: 193--259.
Galloway JN, Schlesinger WH, Levy H, Michaels A, and
Schnoor JL (1995) Nitrogen fixation: anthropogenic
enhancement – environmental reponse. Global
Biogeochemical Cycles 9: 235--252.
Jickells TD (1995) Atmospheric inputs of metals and
nutrients to the oceans: their magnitude and effects.
Marine Chemistry 48: 199--214.
Liss PS and Duce RA (1997) The Sea Surface and Global
Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Paerl HW and Whitall DR (1999) Anthropogenicallyderived atmospheric nitrogen deposition, marine
eutrophication and harmful algal bloom expansion: Is
there a link? Ambio 28: 307--311.
Prospero JM, Barrett K, Church T, et al. (1996) Nitrogen
dynamics of the North Atlantic Ocean – Atmospheric
deposition of nutrients to the North Atlantic Ocean.
Biogeochemistry 35: 27--73.
van den Hout KD (ed.) (1994) The Impact of Atmospheric
Deposition of Non-Acidifying Pollutants on the Quality
of European Forest Soils and the North Sea. Report of
the ESQUAD Project, IMW-TNO Report No. R 93/
329.
290 ATMOSPHERIC INPUT OF POLLUTANTS