236
0. LOWENSTEIN
resting activity and responded to a wide band of frequencies, and type
IV units showed spontaneous bursts of activity and responded to sounds
up to 300 Hz with frequency-synchronized patterns of response without
adaptation. Enger believes that units I1 and I11 may well be connected
with different parts of the otolith-bearing end organs mediating a placedetermined frequency discrimination, whereas type IV units subserve
frequency-synchronized information transfer from sense organ to brain.
Pitch discrimination has also been demonstrated for elasmobranchs
by Nelson (1966) who claims that the lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris, discriminates between about half an octave apart in the 40-60 Hz
band. This refers to absolute pitch, the two tones having been offered
at a time interval of about 1 min.
REFERENCES
Banner, A. (1967). Evidence of sensitivity to acoustic displacemznts in the lemon
shark, Negaprion breoirostris ( Poey ), In “Lateral Line Detectors” ( P. Cahn,
ed. ), pp. 265-273. Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomington, Indiana.
Benjamins, C. E. (1934). La fonction du Saccule. Rev. Laryngol. Otol. Rhinol. 55,
1233-1242.
Bigelow, H. B. (1904). The sense of hearing in the goldfish Carassius auratus L.
Am. Naturalist 38, 275-284.
Bull, H. 0. (1928). Studies on the conditioned responses in fishes. 1. Marine B i d .
Assoc. U . K . 15, 485-533.
de Burlet, H. M. ( 1935). Vergleichend Anatomisches uber endolymphatische und
perilymphatische Sinnesendstellen des Labyrinthes. Acta Oto-Laryngol. 22, 287305.
de Burlet, H. M., and Versteegh, C. (1930). Uber den Bau und die Funktion der
Petromyzonlabyrinthes. Acta Oto-Laryngol. Suppl. 13, 1-58.
Denker, A. (1931). Uber das Horvermogen der Fische. Oto-Laryngol. 15, 247-260.
Diesselhorst, G. (1938). Horversuche an Fischen ohne Weberschen Apparat. Z.
Dijkgraaf, S. ( 1950). Untersuchungen uber die Funktionen des Ohrlabyrinths bei
Dijkgraaf, S. ( 1952). Ueber die Schallwahrnehniung bei Meeresfischen. Z. Vergleich.
Dijkgraaf, S. and Verheijen, F. J. (1950). Neue Versuche iiber das TonunterDohlman, G. ( 1935). Some practical and theoretical points in labyrinthology. Proc.
Eimer, T. ( 1878 ). “Die Medusen.” Tubingen.
Enger, P. S. (1963). Single unit activity in the peripheral auditory system of a
Enger, P. S. (1968). Hearing in fish. In “Hearing Mechanisms in Vertebrates” (A. V.
Farkas, B. (1935). Untersuchungen iiber das Horvermogen bei Fischen. Allattani
Vergleich. Physiol. 25, 748-783.
Meeresfischen. Physiol. Camp. Oecol. 2, 81-106.
Physiol. 34, 104-122.
scheidungsvermogen der Elritze. 2. Vergleich. Physiol. 32, 2A8-256.
Roy. Sac. Med. 28, 1371-1380.
teleost fish. Acta Physiol. Scand. 59, Suppl. 210.
S. de Reuck and J. Knight, eds.), pp. 4-17. Churchill, London.
Kozlem, 32, 1-20.
0. LOWENSTEIN
resting activity and responded to a wide band of frequencies, and type
IV units showed spontaneous bursts of activity and responded to sounds
up to 300 Hz with frequency-synchronized patterns of response without
adaptation. Enger believes that units I1 and I11 may well be connected
with different parts of the otolith-bearing end organs mediating a placedetermined frequency discrimination, whereas type IV units subserve
frequency-synchronized information transfer from sense organ to brain.
Pitch discrimination has also been demonstrated for elasmobranchs
by Nelson (1966) who claims that the lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris, discriminates between about half an octave apart in the 40-60 Hz
band. This refers to absolute pitch, the two tones having been offered
at a time interval of about 1 min.
REFERENCES
Banner, A. (1967). Evidence of sensitivity to acoustic displacemznts in the lemon
shark, Negaprion breoirostris ( Poey ), In “Lateral Line Detectors” ( P. Cahn,
ed. ), pp. 265-273. Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomington, Indiana.
Benjamins, C. E. (1934). La fonction du Saccule. Rev. Laryngol. Otol. Rhinol. 55,
1233-1242.
Bigelow, H. B. (1904). The sense of hearing in the goldfish Carassius auratus L.
Am. Naturalist 38, 275-284.
Bull, H. 0. (1928). Studies on the conditioned responses in fishes. 1. Marine B i d .
Assoc. U . K . 15, 485-533.
de Burlet, H. M. ( 1935). Vergleichend Anatomisches uber endolymphatische und
perilymphatische Sinnesendstellen des Labyrinthes. Acta Oto-Laryngol. 22, 287305.
de Burlet, H. M., and Versteegh, C. (1930). Uber den Bau und die Funktion der
Petromyzonlabyrinthes. Acta Oto-Laryngol. Suppl. 13, 1-58.
Denker, A. (1931). Uber das Horvermogen der Fische. Oto-Laryngol. 15, 247-260.
Diesselhorst, G. (1938). Horversuche an Fischen ohne Weberschen Apparat. Z.
Dijkgraaf, S. ( 1950). Untersuchungen uber die Funktionen des Ohrlabyrinths bei
Dijkgraaf, S. ( 1952). Ueber die Schallwahrnehniung bei Meeresfischen. Z. Vergleich.
Dijkgraaf, S. and Verheijen, F. J. (1950). Neue Versuche iiber das TonunterDohlman, G. ( 1935). Some practical and theoretical points in labyrinthology. Proc.
Eimer, T. ( 1878 ). “Die Medusen.” Tubingen.
Enger, P. S. (1963). Single unit activity in the peripheral auditory system of a
Enger, P. S. (1968). Hearing in fish. In “Hearing Mechanisms in Vertebrates” (A. V.
Farkas, B. (1935). Untersuchungen iiber das Horvermogen bei Fischen. Allattani
Vergleich. Physiol. 25, 748-783.
Meeresfischen. Physiol. Camp. Oecol. 2, 81-106.
Physiol. 34, 104-122.
scheidungsvermogen der Elritze. 2. Vergleich. Physiol. 32, 2A8-256.
Roy. Sac. Med. 28, 1371-1380.
teleost fish. Acta Physiol. Scand. 59, Suppl. 210.
S. de Reuck and J. Knight, eds.), pp. 4-17. Churchill, London.
Kozlem, 32, 1-20.