482
JOHN E. CUSHING
excelled among researchers on lower vertebrates ( citations in Hildemann and Cooper, 1963, and also below).
B. Transplantation Studies in Fish
The transplantation of tissues in fish is conveniently reviewed in
connection with consideration of their lymphoid system, for the rejection
reactions observed are known to be those of delayed hypersensitivity
( cellular immunity ) . Transplant rejections were first demonstrated by
Goodrich and Nichols (1933), using a technique for scale transplantation
developed by Mori (1931). This technique is very simple and effective,
consisting merely of removing scales with a forceps from their “pocket”
and exchanging them for other scales. This is easily done with anesthetized fish since the transplanted scales slip readily into their host “pockets”
and start to grow (sometimes a bit of trimming to fit is in order).
Goodrich and Nichols observed that autotransplants of goldfish scales
succeeded without any tissue loss, while varying degrees of tissue
incompatibility occurred with all homografts (those among individuals ) .
This varied from only the destruction of chromatophores to inflammation and destruction of the whole scale. Two other workers (Sauter,
1934; Nardi, 1935) confirmed these observations with scales and other
tissues, but none recognized the immunological significance of their
results.
Hildemann reopened these investigations in the 1950’s and performed an extensive series of experiments firmly establishing the immunological basis of scale rejection ( Hildemann, 1957, 1958). Specific
results include the development of quantitative methods for evaluating
scale rejection times, and demonstrations of rejection specificity, enhanced secondary reactions, the influence of temperature, the cellular
basis of the rejection action, and the indepedence of this reaction from
circulating antibodies. The histocompatibility genetics of these scale
transplantations are considered by Hildemann and Owen (1956) in a
paper that shows a general method for ‘this purpose. Hildemann and
Haas (1960) extended the generality of observations on goldfish to include the carp, Cyprinus carpo, the black-spotted barb, Barbus filamentosus, the blue acara, Aequidens latifrons, and the guppy, Lebistes reticulatus. Additional studies on the kinetics of homograft rejection
and the effects of antimetabolites and X-radiation on Fundulus are reported by Hildemann and Cooper (1963). The effects of a variety of
metabolites, antimetabolites, and antibiotics on transplantations in Fund-
JOHN E. CUSHING
excelled among researchers on lower vertebrates ( citations in Hildemann and Cooper, 1963, and also below).
B. Transplantation Studies in Fish
The transplantation of tissues in fish is conveniently reviewed in
connection with consideration of their lymphoid system, for the rejection
reactions observed are known to be those of delayed hypersensitivity
( cellular immunity ) . Transplant rejections were first demonstrated by
Goodrich and Nichols (1933), using a technique for scale transplantation
developed by Mori (1931). This technique is very simple and effective,
consisting merely of removing scales with a forceps from their “pocket”
and exchanging them for other scales. This is easily done with anesthetized fish since the transplanted scales slip readily into their host “pockets”
and start to grow (sometimes a bit of trimming to fit is in order).
Goodrich and Nichols observed that autotransplants of goldfish scales
succeeded without any tissue loss, while varying degrees of tissue
incompatibility occurred with all homografts (those among individuals ) .
This varied from only the destruction of chromatophores to inflammation and destruction of the whole scale. Two other workers (Sauter,
1934; Nardi, 1935) confirmed these observations with scales and other
tissues, but none recognized the immunological significance of their
results.
Hildemann reopened these investigations in the 1950’s and performed an extensive series of experiments firmly establishing the immunological basis of scale rejection ( Hildemann, 1957, 1958). Specific
results include the development of quantitative methods for evaluating
scale rejection times, and demonstrations of rejection specificity, enhanced secondary reactions, the influence of temperature, the cellular
basis of the rejection action, and the indepedence of this reaction from
circulating antibodies. The histocompatibility genetics of these scale
transplantations are considered by Hildemann and Owen (1956) in a
paper that shows a general method for ‘this purpose. Hildemann and
Haas (1960) extended the generality of observations on goldfish to include the carp, Cyprinus carpo, the black-spotted barb, Barbus filamentosus, the blue acara, Aequidens latifrons, and the guppy, Lebistes reticulatus. Additional studies on the kinetics of homograft rejection
and the effects of antimetabolites and X-radiation on Fundulus are reported by Hildemann and Cooper (1963). The effects of a variety of
metabolites, antimetabolites, and antibiotics on transplantations in Fund-