Table I (Continued)
~~
Type of air
Relative importance
breathing
Species
Habitat
of air breathing
Remarks
Reference
Air bladder
Amia calva
functions as
lung
Arapaima gigm
N eoceratod us
forsteri
Lepidosiren
paradoxa
Protopterus sp.
Rivers and lakes,
North America
Rivers and swamps,
South America
Rivers, East
Australia
Rivers and swamps,
South America
Lakes and swamps,
Africa
Air breathing accessory, increased importance a t increased temperatures and/or during
activity
tory, dies quickly if
denied access to air
Air breathing
accessory
Air breathing obligaObligatory air
breat,her, succumbs
if denied access
to air
Air breathing
obligatory
Capable of estivation
Very large fish,
exceeds 3 meters
Increased importance
in Ordeficient
water and during
activity
Structurally most
advanced of all
air-breathing
fishes, estivates
Estivates
Johansen et al. (1970)
Sawaya (1946)
Grigg (1965)
Lenfant et al. (1966)
Johansen et al. (1967)
Johansen and Lenfant
Lenfant et al. (1970)
(1967)
Lenfant and Johansen
Johansen and Lenfant
(1968)
(1968)
a For complete lists, see Rauther (1910), Carter and Beadle (1931b), Das (1940), and Saxena (1963).