Air chambers as
diverticula from
the opercular
and pharyngeal
cavities
(opercular and
pharyngeal
lungs)
Stomach or
intestine
modified for air
breathing
Air bladder
functions as
lung
Clarias sp.
Tropical pools, Asia
Anabas scandens Tropical pools, Asia
Amphipnous
Rivers in northern
ctichia
India and Burma
Ophwcephalus
Tropical pools, Asia
punctatus
and Africa
Hoplosternum sp. Swamps, Sniith
Misgurnus
Temperate and
America
fossilis
tropical rivers,
Europe
America
Ancistrus anisitsi Swamps, South
Polypterus sp.
Lakes and rivers in
Africa
Important in oxygen- Capable of estivation, Rauther (1910)
deficient water
Air breathing accessory but necessary
in Ordeficient
water
breather
Facultative air
Air breathing
obligatory
migrates overland
out of water
Estivates, migrates
Estivates, gills more
reduced than in
other air-breathing
fishes
Estivates
Obligate air breather Intestinal breather
Air breathing
Intestinal breather
accessory
Air breathing
Stomach breather
accessory
Survives on aquatic
Activity markedly
breathing in wellincreases air
aerated water. Air
breathing
breathing obligatory under most
natural conditions
Moussa (1956)’
Rauther (1910)
Das (1927)
Das (1940)
Rauther (1910)
Das (1927)
Qasim et al. (1966)
Carter and Beadle
Calugareanri (1907)
( 1931 b)
Carter and Beadle
(1931b)
Budgett (1900)
Magid (1966)
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