352
G. SHELTON
accepted that there are no sympathetic fibers innervating the fish heart
(Couteaux and Laurent, 1957). The whole nervous supply was thought
to be cholinergic and inhibitory, although recent electron microscope
studies by Yamauchi and Burnstock (1968) suggest that nerves liberating catecholamines do innervate the fish heart. Stevens and Randall
(1967a) found that injections of atropine had no effect either on the
heart rate of resting trout or on the responses during exercise. They
concluded that increased output as a result of exercise was aneurally
mediated. Injection of adrenalin produced cardiovascular changes which
were similar to those observed during increased activity (Randall and
Stevens, 1967). Some fish may regulate heart rate by changes in vagal
tone, but it now seems likely that a great deal of cardiovascular adjustment in swimming, and perhaps in resting, fish is accomplished by
changes in the level of circulating catecholamines. The source of these
catecholamines and the mechanism regulating their release have not
been identified. In this, as in all fields of respiratory and circulatory
physiology, there have been tremendous advances in recent years only
to reveal further problems for experimental analysis.
REFERENCES
Adrian, E. D., and Buytendijk, F. J. J. (1931). Potential changes in the isolated
Alexander, R. McN. ( 1967). “Functional Design in Fishes.” Hutchinson, London.
Anthony, E. H. (1961). Survival of goldfish in presence of carbon monoxide.
J. Exptl. Biol. 38, 109-25.
Arnold, G. P. (1967). The behaviour of the plaice in water currents. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
Baglioni, S. ( 1907). Der Atmungsmechanismus der Fische. Ein Beitrag zur
vergleichenden Physiologie des Atemrhythmus. Z . Allgem. Physiol. 7, 177-282.
Bainbridge, R. (1963). Caudal fin and body movement in the propulsion of some
fish. J . Exptl. Biol. 40, 2356.
Ballintijn, C. M. (1969). The influence of proprioception upon respiratory neurones
in the medulla oblongata of fishes. Acta Physiol Pharmucol. Neerl. 15, 25-26.
Ballintijn, C. M., and Hughes, G. M. (1965). The muscular basis of the respiratory
pumps in the trout. 1. Exptl. Biol. 43, 349462.
Basu, S. P. (1959). Active respiration of fish in relation to ambient concentrations
of oxygen and carbon dioxide. J. Fisheries Res. Board Can. 16, 175-212.
Baumgarten, D., and Piiper, J. (1969). In press.
Baumgarten-Schumann, D., and Piiper, J. (1968). Gas exchange in the gills of
resting unanaesthetised dogfish ( Scyliorhinus stelhris). Resp. Physiol. 5, 317325.
Beamish, F. W. H. (1964a). Respiration of fishes with special emphasis on standard
oxygen consumption. 11. Influence of weight and temperature on respiration
of several species. Can. J. Zool. 42, 177-188.
Beamish, F. W. H. (196413). Seasonal changes in the standard rate of oxygen consumption of fishes. Can. J. 2001. 42, 189-194.
brainstem of the goldfish. J. Physiol. (London) 71, 121-135.
G. SHELTON
accepted that there are no sympathetic fibers innervating the fish heart
(Couteaux and Laurent, 1957). The whole nervous supply was thought
to be cholinergic and inhibitory, although recent electron microscope
studies by Yamauchi and Burnstock (1968) suggest that nerves liberating catecholamines do innervate the fish heart. Stevens and Randall
(1967a) found that injections of atropine had no effect either on the
heart rate of resting trout or on the responses during exercise. They
concluded that increased output as a result of exercise was aneurally
mediated. Injection of adrenalin produced cardiovascular changes which
were similar to those observed during increased activity (Randall and
Stevens, 1967). Some fish may regulate heart rate by changes in vagal
tone, but it now seems likely that a great deal of cardiovascular adjustment in swimming, and perhaps in resting, fish is accomplished by
changes in the level of circulating catecholamines. The source of these
catecholamines and the mechanism regulating their release have not
been identified. In this, as in all fields of respiratory and circulatory
physiology, there have been tremendous advances in recent years only
to reveal further problems for experimental analysis.
REFERENCES
Adrian, E. D., and Buytendijk, F. J. J. (1931). Potential changes in the isolated
Alexander, R. McN. ( 1967). “Functional Design in Fishes.” Hutchinson, London.
Anthony, E. H. (1961). Survival of goldfish in presence of carbon monoxide.
J. Exptl. Biol. 38, 109-25.
Arnold, G. P. (1967). The behaviour of the plaice in water currents. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
Baglioni, S. ( 1907). Der Atmungsmechanismus der Fische. Ein Beitrag zur
vergleichenden Physiologie des Atemrhythmus. Z . Allgem. Physiol. 7, 177-282.
Bainbridge, R. (1963). Caudal fin and body movement in the propulsion of some
fish. J . Exptl. Biol. 40, 2356.
Ballintijn, C. M. (1969). The influence of proprioception upon respiratory neurones
in the medulla oblongata of fishes. Acta Physiol Pharmucol. Neerl. 15, 25-26.
Ballintijn, C. M., and Hughes, G. M. (1965). The muscular basis of the respiratory
pumps in the trout. 1. Exptl. Biol. 43, 349462.
Basu, S. P. (1959). Active respiration of fish in relation to ambient concentrations
of oxygen and carbon dioxide. J. Fisheries Res. Board Can. 16, 175-212.
Baumgarten, D., and Piiper, J. (1969). In press.
Baumgarten-Schumann, D., and Piiper, J. (1968). Gas exchange in the gills of
resting unanaesthetised dogfish ( Scyliorhinus stelhris). Resp. Physiol. 5, 317325.
Beamish, F. W. H. (1964a). Respiration of fishes with special emphasis on standard
oxygen consumption. 11. Influence of weight and temperature on respiration
of several species. Can. J. Zool. 42, 177-188.
Beamish, F. W. H. (196413). Seasonal changes in the standard rate of oxygen consumption of fishes. Can. J. 2001. 42, 189-194.
brainstem of the goldfish. J. Physiol. (London) 71, 121-135.