FISH NUTRITION
477
glyceroneogenesis are not known in fish. These are limitations to be
overcome before fuller benefits can be gained from the application of
basic biochemical knowledge to the design of ideally balanced diets
for young fish.
Future research in fish nutrition might also consider the following
lines. Firstly the possibility of modifying body metabolism by orally
administered drugs/hormones so as to ensure maximal conversion of
dietary protein to flesh protein should be pursued more intensively.
Evidence that anabolic steroids are active in this respect has already
been discussed (p. 410). Secondly, the importance of diet during the
developmental stages of fish life on the pattern of body metabolism in
later life should be explored. Finally one very highly specialized aspect
of fish biology, namely, the ability to produce very large numbers of
gametes should be vigorously exploited by selecting genetic strains
which grow optimally on defined diets. It is already known that a wide
range of growth rates exist in cultivated fish from the same initial
stock and that fast growing fish tend to produce fast growing off-spring
(Donaldson, 1970). Genetic factors are undoubtedly involved in this
phenomenon. However, the extent to which it is possible to select for
growth on a defined diet, biased in a certain direction (perhaps toward
somewhat lower protein levels) is totally unexplored.
X. REFERENOES
Ackman, R. G. (1967). Characteristics of the fatty acid composition and
biochemistry of some freshwater fish oils and lipids in comparison with
marine oils and lipids. Cornp, Biochem. Physiol. 22, 907-922.
Ackman, R. G. and Cormier, M. G. (1967). a-Tocopherol in some Atlantic fish
and shellfish with particular reference to live-holding without food. J. Fish.
Ree. Bd Can. 24, 367-373.
Alfin-Slater, R. and Aftergood, L. (1968). Essential fatty acids reinvestigated.
Physiol. Rev. 48, 768-784.
Allison, J. B. (1967). Nitrogen balance and the nutritive value of proteins.
J . Arner. Med. As8oc. 164, 283-289.
Anon, (1970). Resource publication No. 83, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. 1970.
Aoe, H. and Masuda, I. (1967a). Water-soluble vitamin requirements of carp-11.
Requirements for p-aminobenzoic acid and inositol. Bull. Jap. SOC. Sci.
Fbh. 33, 674-680.
Aoe, H. and Masuda, I. (196%). Water-soluble vitamin requirements of carp-V.
Requirement for folk acid. Bull. Jap. SOC. Sci. P b h . 33, 1068-1071.
Aoe, H., Masuda, I., Saito, T. and Komo, A. (1967a). Water soluble vitamin
requirements of carp-I. Requirement for vitamin B2. Bull. Jup. SOC. Sci.
Fish. 33, 355-360.
Aoe, H., Masuda, I. and Takada, T. (1907b). Water-soluble vitamin requirements
of carp-111. Requirement for Niacin. Bull. Jap. SOC. Sci. Fbh. 33, 681-686.
477
glyceroneogenesis are not known in fish. These are limitations to be
overcome before fuller benefits can be gained from the application of
basic biochemical knowledge to the design of ideally balanced diets
for young fish.
Future research in fish nutrition might also consider the following
lines. Firstly the possibility of modifying body metabolism by orally
administered drugs/hormones so as to ensure maximal conversion of
dietary protein to flesh protein should be pursued more intensively.
Evidence that anabolic steroids are active in this respect has already
been discussed (p. 410). Secondly, the importance of diet during the
developmental stages of fish life on the pattern of body metabolism in
later life should be explored. Finally one very highly specialized aspect
of fish biology, namely, the ability to produce very large numbers of
gametes should be vigorously exploited by selecting genetic strains
which grow optimally on defined diets. It is already known that a wide
range of growth rates exist in cultivated fish from the same initial
stock and that fast growing fish tend to produce fast growing off-spring
(Donaldson, 1970). Genetic factors are undoubtedly involved in this
phenomenon. However, the extent to which it is possible to select for
growth on a defined diet, biased in a certain direction (perhaps toward
somewhat lower protein levels) is totally unexplored.
X. REFERENOES
Ackman, R. G. (1967). Characteristics of the fatty acid composition and
biochemistry of some freshwater fish oils and lipids in comparison with
marine oils and lipids. Cornp, Biochem. Physiol. 22, 907-922.
Ackman, R. G. and Cormier, M. G. (1967). a-Tocopherol in some Atlantic fish
and shellfish with particular reference to live-holding without food. J. Fish.
Ree. Bd Can. 24, 367-373.
Alfin-Slater, R. and Aftergood, L. (1968). Essential fatty acids reinvestigated.
Physiol. Rev. 48, 768-784.
Allison, J. B. (1967). Nitrogen balance and the nutritive value of proteins.
J . Arner. Med. As8oc. 164, 283-289.
Anon, (1970). Resource publication No. 83, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. 1970.
Aoe, H. and Masuda, I. (1967a). Water-soluble vitamin requirements of carp-11.
Requirements for p-aminobenzoic acid and inositol. Bull. Jap. SOC. Sci.
Fbh. 33, 674-680.
Aoe, H. and Masuda, I. (196%). Water-soluble vitamin requirements of carp-V.
Requirement for folk acid. Bull. Jap. SOC. Sci. P b h . 33, 1068-1071.
Aoe, H., Masuda, I., Saito, T. and Komo, A. (1967a). Water soluble vitamin
requirements of carp-I. Requirement for vitamin B2. Bull. Jup. SOC. Sci.
Fish. 33, 355-360.
Aoe, H., Masuda, I. and Takada, T. (1907b). Water-soluble vitamin requirements
of carp-111. Requirement for Niacin. Bull. Jap. SOC. Sci. Fbh. 33, 681-686.