ANTAROTI0 BENTHOS
26
biological results have so far appeared from this expedition. A very
useful summary by Johnston (1937) gives an account of the biological
organisation of this expedition together with a station list.
The British Graham Land Expedition (1934-37) carried out an
extensive biological programme, though little relating to marine
biology has yet been published.
The onset of World War I1 did not effectively close down all
Antarctic activity. The United States Antarctic Service Expedition
(1939-41) established two bases, one at Marguerite Bay, Antarctic
Peninsula and the other in the Ross Sea. Biological results were not
extensive.
The period 1940-45 saw the development of almost comic opera
moves and countermoves as British and Argentinean parties sought to
establish their own claims to the islands of the Scotia Arc and to the
Antarctic Peninsula. Science often suffers from political comic opera
but in this case science gained through the establishment of occupied
bases and the maintenance of scientific programmes. The British
endeavour was mounted under the code name of " Operation Tabarin ".
Most of the biology was terrestrially oriented and few of the marine
collections obtained have been written up separately.
From 1947 onwards Argentinean and Chilean claims were consolidated by annual expeditions matched by similar activities on the
part of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey by the United Kingdom. The United States Navy mounted operation " Highjump " in
1946-47 and this was followed by the Ronne Antarctic Research
Expedition (1947-48). In 1947-48 the Australian National Antarctic
Research Expedition was inaugurated. Little marine biology was
achieved by any of these endeavours.
The next major phase in Antarctic scientific exploration was the
International Geophysical Year (1.G.Y .) organised by the International
Council of Scientific Unions (I.C.S.U.). The year was planned for
1957-68 but planning began in 1952, and special attention was directed
towards Antarctic research. The scheme for the I.G.Y. with manned
stations around the Antarctic Continent was taken up enthusiastically
by many nations. Several countries were involved in preliminary
reconnaisance expeditions often primarily planned to choose suitable
sites for I.G.Y. bases.
Thus the United States series of " Deep Freeze " operations commenced in 1955-56, and a Soviet I.G.Y. expedition was mounted in
1955-56. I.G.Y. bases up to 1958 had been established by the United
States, United Kingdom, the U.S.S.R., Australia, New Zealand,
France, Belgium, Norway and Japan. Twelve nations signed the
26
biological results have so far appeared from this expedition. A very
useful summary by Johnston (1937) gives an account of the biological
organisation of this expedition together with a station list.
The British Graham Land Expedition (1934-37) carried out an
extensive biological programme, though little relating to marine
biology has yet been published.
The onset of World War I1 did not effectively close down all
Antarctic activity. The United States Antarctic Service Expedition
(1939-41) established two bases, one at Marguerite Bay, Antarctic
Peninsula and the other in the Ross Sea. Biological results were not
extensive.
The period 1940-45 saw the development of almost comic opera
moves and countermoves as British and Argentinean parties sought to
establish their own claims to the islands of the Scotia Arc and to the
Antarctic Peninsula. Science often suffers from political comic opera
but in this case science gained through the establishment of occupied
bases and the maintenance of scientific programmes. The British
endeavour was mounted under the code name of " Operation Tabarin ".
Most of the biology was terrestrially oriented and few of the marine
collections obtained have been written up separately.
From 1947 onwards Argentinean and Chilean claims were consolidated by annual expeditions matched by similar activities on the
part of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey by the United Kingdom. The United States Navy mounted operation " Highjump " in
1946-47 and this was followed by the Ronne Antarctic Research
Expedition (1947-48). In 1947-48 the Australian National Antarctic
Research Expedition was inaugurated. Little marine biology was
achieved by any of these endeavours.
The next major phase in Antarctic scientific exploration was the
International Geophysical Year (1.G.Y .) organised by the International
Council of Scientific Unions (I.C.S.U.). The year was planned for
1957-68 but planning began in 1952, and special attention was directed
towards Antarctic research. The scheme for the I.G.Y. with manned
stations around the Antarctic Continent was taken up enthusiastically
by many nations. Several countries were involved in preliminary
reconnaisance expeditions often primarily planned to choose suitable
sites for I.G.Y. bases.
Thus the United States series of " Deep Freeze " operations commenced in 1955-56, and a Soviet I.G.Y. expedition was mounted in
1955-56. I.G.Y. bases up to 1958 had been established by the United
States, United Kingdom, the U.S.S.R., Australia, New Zealand,
France, Belgium, Norway and Japan. Twelve nations signed the