642
SUBJECT INDEX
Ascidians
abundance, 34
abundance factors, 36-47
abyssal, 5, 77, 79
abyssal species, 69
adaption, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
as diet of predators, 48, 49, 50
aa protective cover of timber against
wood-borer attack, 461,462-465
as source of chemicals, 82
asexual reproduction, 6, 22, 29, 30,
at depths greater than 2000 m, 70-79
atrial cavity, 14
attachment to supports, 36-42
biology of, 1 et e q .
biomass, 33-35
boreo-arctic species, 8, 11
branchial sac, 2, 4, 5, 50, 51, 52, 53,
breeding, 6-22, 29, 30
breeding on Scottish west coast, 11
breeding season, 6-13
brood pouch, 14, 15
budding, 29, 30
changes in populations, 35-36
colonies, 15, 20,27,28,29, 30, 31, 36,
49, 51
commensals, 47, 50-55
culture, 81
deep-water, 5, 69-79
deposit-feeders, 5
distribution factors, 36-47
ecology, 33-47
economic importance, 79-82
endemic of American Atlantic, 60
endemic of American Pacific, 61
endemic of Antarctic, 64, 65
endemic of A n t i b o d regions, 65,
endemio of Arctic, 63, 64
endemic of Australia, 59
endemic of boreal American Atlantic,
endemic of boreal European Atlantic,
endemic of Indo-Malaya
endemic of Japan, 68
endemic of Mediterranean, 60, 61
43
32
81
66, 67
62. 63
61, 62
Ascidians-continued
endemic of New Zealand, 67, 68
endemic of north-eastern Pacific, 63
endemic of north-western Pacific, 63
endemic of Red Sea, 59
endemic of South Africa, 68
endemic of West Africa, 59, 60
endemic of Western Indian Ocean,
58, 59
endostyle, 2, 3
epibionts, 40, 41
faunistic relationship, 55, 56, 58
feeding, 2-6
feeding mechanism, 2-4
filter-feeding, 3, 4, 5, 50, 81
fission of colonies, 6
food, 4-6
food of commercial fish, 81
food of man. 81-82
fouling, 79-81
fusion of species, 31
gametes, 6, 13, 14, 15
geographical distribution, 55-79
gonads, 6, 11, 13, 14, 30, 77
growth, 22-33, 35
interstitial, 6, 39
larva, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14-22, 30, 43,
45, 46, 55, 81
life cycle, 22-33
mortality, 7, 22-33, 35
mud-dwelling, 47
mutualism, 50
neural complex, 14
neurosecretory cells, 14
numbers, 33-35
oesophagus, 51
oral siphon, 3, 5, 6, 48, 50
oral tentacles, 3, 5
oviduct, 14, 15
parasites, 47, 50-55
phoresis, 50
photophilic, 41
population density, 35, 36
predators, 47, 48-50
rhizoids, 36
salinity tolerance, 42-43
sand-dwelling, 39, 47
senescence, 27
sexual reproduction, 6, 8, 14, 29, 30,
32
SUBJECT INDEX
Ascidians
abundance, 34
abundance factors, 36-47
abyssal, 5, 77, 79
abyssal species, 69
adaption, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
as diet of predators, 48, 49, 50
aa protective cover of timber against
wood-borer attack, 461,462-465
as source of chemicals, 82
asexual reproduction, 6, 22, 29, 30,
at depths greater than 2000 m, 70-79
atrial cavity, 14
attachment to supports, 36-42
biology of, 1 et e q .
biomass, 33-35
boreo-arctic species, 8, 11
branchial sac, 2, 4, 5, 50, 51, 52, 53,
breeding, 6-22, 29, 30
breeding on Scottish west coast, 11
breeding season, 6-13
brood pouch, 14, 15
budding, 29, 30
changes in populations, 35-36
colonies, 15, 20,27,28,29, 30, 31, 36,
49, 51
commensals, 47, 50-55
culture, 81
deep-water, 5, 69-79
deposit-feeders, 5
distribution factors, 36-47
ecology, 33-47
economic importance, 79-82
endemic of American Atlantic, 60
endemic of American Pacific, 61
endemic of Antarctic, 64, 65
endemic of A n t i b o d regions, 65,
endemio of Arctic, 63, 64
endemic of Australia, 59
endemic of boreal American Atlantic,
endemic of boreal European Atlantic,
endemic of Indo-Malaya
endemic of Japan, 68
endemic of Mediterranean, 60, 61
43
32
81
66, 67
62. 63
61, 62
Ascidians-continued
endemic of New Zealand, 67, 68
endemic of north-eastern Pacific, 63
endemic of north-western Pacific, 63
endemic of Red Sea, 59
endemic of South Africa, 68
endemic of West Africa, 59, 60
endemic of Western Indian Ocean,
58, 59
endostyle, 2, 3
epibionts, 40, 41
faunistic relationship, 55, 56, 58
feeding, 2-6
feeding mechanism, 2-4
filter-feeding, 3, 4, 5, 50, 81
fission of colonies, 6
food, 4-6
food of commercial fish, 81
food of man. 81-82
fouling, 79-81
fusion of species, 31
gametes, 6, 13, 14, 15
geographical distribution, 55-79
gonads, 6, 11, 13, 14, 30, 77
growth, 22-33, 35
interstitial, 6, 39
larva, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14-22, 30, 43,
45, 46, 55, 81
life cycle, 22-33
mortality, 7, 22-33, 35
mud-dwelling, 47
mutualism, 50
neural complex, 14
neurosecretory cells, 14
numbers, 33-35
oesophagus, 51
oral siphon, 3, 5, 6, 48, 50
oral tentacles, 3, 5
oviduct, 14, 15
parasites, 47, 50-55
phoresis, 50
photophilic, 41
population density, 35, 36
predators, 47, 48-50
rhizoids, 36
salinity tolerance, 42-43
sand-dwelling, 39, 47
senescence, 27
sexual reproduction, 6, 8, 14, 29, 30,
32