3. DISTRIBUTION AND SYNONYMY
53
ranean. A. de C. Baker (personal communication) records it westwards
to the Azores at 37'34.3" 25"22.0fW and also off the West African
coast at 2B004.B'N 14'04'W. It occurs at depths between 100 and 500 m
during the day ; performs a diurnal vertical migration. This species
does not breed throughout the northernmost area of its occurrence;
breeding centres are Gulf of Maine, Gulf of St. Lawrence, southwestern
and southern Iceland, Norwegian Sea northwards to about 70"N except
in warm years when it may breed in the Barents Sea and off western
Greenland. (Mauchline and Fisher, 1967 ; Jones, 1968; CasanovaSoulier, 1968b.)
Genus Nyctiphanes G. 0. Sars, 1883b : 23-24
Nyctiphanes couchii (Bell, 1853)
Thysanopoda couchii Bell, 1853 : 364, figs. a-1. Nyctiphanes couchii Norman,
1892 : 460 ; Holt and Beaumont, 1902 : 225, pl. xiv, fig. 1 and text-fig. I, 1-8 ;
Holt and Tattersall, 1905a : 104-105, pl. xvii ; Hansen, 1911 : 18-19 ; Einarsson,
1945: 42-44, fig. 16. ?N. latifrons Illig, 1908c: 252-253, fig. 1.
This species is confined to the eastern Atlantic south of about 60"N,
extending southwards to North Africa and the northern half of the
Mediterranean (Fig. 16). Occasionally found as far north as More on
the Norwegian coast but does not breed north of the Skagerrak. Occurs
in Kattegat and is the only euphausiid to penetrate the western Baltic
but does not breed there. Occurs above the continental shelf and slope
around the British Isles and southwards to Gibraltar. Is a coastal
species in the Tyrrhenian, Adriatic and Aegean Seas. Records south of
Gibraltar off the West African coast require confirmation. Lives close
to the seabed during the day; performs a diurnal vertical migration.
Total length about 17 mm. (Tattersall, 1908b; Walker, 1910; Lebour,
1926d; Illig, 1930; Ruud, 1936; Einarsson, 1945; Marshall, 1948;
Wiborg, 1954; Furnestin, 1960; Fraser, 1961 ; Kinzer, 1963; CasanovaSoulier, 1968b.)
Nyctiphanes australis G. 0. Sars, 1883
N . australis G. 0. Sers, 188313: 24-25; 1885: 115-119, 150-155, pl. xxi, figs.
1-7, pl. xxviii; Hansen, 1911: 20. (nec Stebbing, 1905: 113-114; 1910: 399).
This species occurs in coastal waters of New Zealand and southeastern Australia (Fig. 16). It is present off Australia from about 31" to
34"s to 43"s and is replaced at its northern limit by another coastal
species, Pseudeuphausia latifrons. N . australis is found in coastal water
of temperature greater than 13-5°C and salinity between 34.05 and
34.72 parts per thousand. Attains a length of 11 to 14 mm. (Bary,
1956 ; Brinton, 1962a.)
53
ranean. A. de C. Baker (personal communication) records it westwards
to the Azores at 37'34.3" 25"22.0fW and also off the West African
coast at 2B004.B'N 14'04'W. It occurs at depths between 100 and 500 m
during the day ; performs a diurnal vertical migration. This species
does not breed throughout the northernmost area of its occurrence;
breeding centres are Gulf of Maine, Gulf of St. Lawrence, southwestern
and southern Iceland, Norwegian Sea northwards to about 70"N except
in warm years when it may breed in the Barents Sea and off western
Greenland. (Mauchline and Fisher, 1967 ; Jones, 1968; CasanovaSoulier, 1968b.)
Genus Nyctiphanes G. 0. Sars, 1883b : 23-24
Nyctiphanes couchii (Bell, 1853)
Thysanopoda couchii Bell, 1853 : 364, figs. a-1. Nyctiphanes couchii Norman,
1892 : 460 ; Holt and Beaumont, 1902 : 225, pl. xiv, fig. 1 and text-fig. I, 1-8 ;
Holt and Tattersall, 1905a : 104-105, pl. xvii ; Hansen, 1911 : 18-19 ; Einarsson,
1945: 42-44, fig. 16. ?N. latifrons Illig, 1908c: 252-253, fig. 1.
This species is confined to the eastern Atlantic south of about 60"N,
extending southwards to North Africa and the northern half of the
Mediterranean (Fig. 16). Occasionally found as far north as More on
the Norwegian coast but does not breed north of the Skagerrak. Occurs
in Kattegat and is the only euphausiid to penetrate the western Baltic
but does not breed there. Occurs above the continental shelf and slope
around the British Isles and southwards to Gibraltar. Is a coastal
species in the Tyrrhenian, Adriatic and Aegean Seas. Records south of
Gibraltar off the West African coast require confirmation. Lives close
to the seabed during the day; performs a diurnal vertical migration.
Total length about 17 mm. (Tattersall, 1908b; Walker, 1910; Lebour,
1926d; Illig, 1930; Ruud, 1936; Einarsson, 1945; Marshall, 1948;
Wiborg, 1954; Furnestin, 1960; Fraser, 1961 ; Kinzer, 1963; CasanovaSoulier, 1968b.)
Nyctiphanes australis G. 0. Sars, 1883
N . australis G. 0. Sers, 188313: 24-25; 1885: 115-119, 150-155, pl. xxi, figs.
1-7, pl. xxviii; Hansen, 1911: 20. (nec Stebbing, 1905: 113-114; 1910: 399).
This species occurs in coastal waters of New Zealand and southeastern Australia (Fig. 16). It is present off Australia from about 31" to
34"s to 43"s and is replaced at its northern limit by another coastal
species, Pseudeuphausia latifrons. N . australis is found in coastal water
of temperature greater than 13-5°C and salinity between 34.05 and
34.72 parts per thousand. Attains a length of 11 to 14 mm. (Bary,
1956 ; Brinton, 1962a.)