18
CARL J. SINDERMANN
is still unknown. Haemogregarines have been described from menhaden
in Florida by Saunders (1964), from arctic char, Snlvdinus nlpinus (I,.),
in northern Canada by Laird (1961), from a mullet, Mugil brusiliensis
Agassiz, in Brazil by Carini (1932), from javelinfish, Coelorhynchus
australis (Richardson), in New Zealand by Laird (1952), and from
many other fishes from diverse habitats (Laveran, 1906; Lebailly, 1906;
Kudo, 1954). One species, Haemogregurina bigemina Laveraii and
Mesnil, has been reported from Europe, Canada, United States, South
Africa, the Red Sea and the South Pacific (Laird, 1958; Saunders, 1960).
The haeniogregarines have not been reported as resporisible for mortalities.
3. Myxospor idea
Diseases caused by Myxosporidea are common in marine as well as
fresh-water fishes. The myxosporideans inhabiting organs such as the
gall bladder are most frequently studied and described, but those
localizing in the somatic muscles must be considered the most destructive and of greatest economic significance. Extensive necrosis of the
flesh characterizes invasion of halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis Schmidt,
by two Myxosporidea : Unicapsula nuuscularis Davis which causes a
condition known as " wormy " halibut, and Chloromyxum sp. which
causes " mushy " halibut (Thompson, 1916 ; Davis, 1924). Both act t o
reduce thevalue of the fish as food. Muscle necrosisin swordfish, Xiphias
gladius L., from Japan has been reported by Matsumoto (1954) to be
caused by the myxosporidean Chlorontyxuwb niusculoliquefaciens, and a
similar " jellied " condition of swordfish from the North Atlantic has
been observed (RIcGonigle and Leim, 1937). Another cnidosporan,
Hexacapsula neothunni, has been associated by Arai and Matsumoto
(1953) with a jellied condition of yellowfin tuna, Thunnus ulbacares
(Bonnaterre), from Japan, and Pbrard ( 1 928) has described the
degeneration of muscles of mackerel, Scomber scombrus L., resulting
from parasitization by Chloromyxum histolyticum.
" Milkiness "-a
softening and liquefaction of the flesh of lemon
sole, Parophrys vetulus Girard, and other species-was reported from
the Canadian Pacific coast by Margolis (1953), Forrester (1956) and
Patashnik and Groiiinger (1964) as due to a species of Chloromyxum.
The condition known as " milkiness " in several species of fishes from
the African coast has been associated with the presence of Kudoa
(=Chloromyxum) thyrsites (Gilchrist). The parasite has been reported
in snoek or barracouta, Thyrsifes atun (Euphr.), by Gilchrist (1924) ;
stockfish, Merluccius capensis, by Fletcher, Hodgkiss and Shewan
(1951) ; and the John Dory, Zeusfaber L., by Davies and Beyers (1947).
CARL J. SINDERMANN
is still unknown. Haemogregarines have been described from menhaden
in Florida by Saunders (1964), from arctic char, Snlvdinus nlpinus (I,.),
in northern Canada by Laird (1961), from a mullet, Mugil brusiliensis
Agassiz, in Brazil by Carini (1932), from javelinfish, Coelorhynchus
australis (Richardson), in New Zealand by Laird (1952), and from
many other fishes from diverse habitats (Laveran, 1906; Lebailly, 1906;
Kudo, 1954). One species, Haemogregurina bigemina Laveraii and
Mesnil, has been reported from Europe, Canada, United States, South
Africa, the Red Sea and the South Pacific (Laird, 1958; Saunders, 1960).
The haeniogregarines have not been reported as resporisible for mortalities.
3. Myxospor idea
Diseases caused by Myxosporidea are common in marine as well as
fresh-water fishes. The myxosporideans inhabiting organs such as the
gall bladder are most frequently studied and described, but those
localizing in the somatic muscles must be considered the most destructive and of greatest economic significance. Extensive necrosis of the
flesh characterizes invasion of halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis Schmidt,
by two Myxosporidea : Unicapsula nuuscularis Davis which causes a
condition known as " wormy " halibut, and Chloromyxum sp. which
causes " mushy " halibut (Thompson, 1916 ; Davis, 1924). Both act t o
reduce thevalue of the fish as food. Muscle necrosisin swordfish, Xiphias
gladius L., from Japan has been reported by Matsumoto (1954) to be
caused by the myxosporidean Chlorontyxuwb niusculoliquefaciens, and a
similar " jellied " condition of swordfish from the North Atlantic has
been observed (RIcGonigle and Leim, 1937). Another cnidosporan,
Hexacapsula neothunni, has been associated by Arai and Matsumoto
(1953) with a jellied condition of yellowfin tuna, Thunnus ulbacares
(Bonnaterre), from Japan, and Pbrard ( 1 928) has described the
degeneration of muscles of mackerel, Scomber scombrus L., resulting
from parasitization by Chloromyxum histolyticum.
" Milkiness "-a
softening and liquefaction of the flesh of lemon
sole, Parophrys vetulus Girard, and other species-was reported from
the Canadian Pacific coast by Margolis (1953), Forrester (1956) and
Patashnik and Groiiinger (1964) as due to a species of Chloromyxum.
The condition known as " milkiness " in several species of fishes from
the African coast has been associated with the presence of Kudoa
(=Chloromyxum) thyrsites (Gilchrist). The parasite has been reported
in snoek or barracouta, Thyrsifes atun (Euphr.), by Gilchrist (1924) ;
stockfish, Merluccius capensis, by Fletcher, Hodgkiss and Shewan
(1951) ; and the John Dory, Zeusfaber L., by Davies and Beyers (1947).