DISEASES OF MARINE FISHES
3
Japanese; Davis (1953) published an English language text on culture
and diseases of fresh-water game fishes; and Ghittino (1963a) recently
published a handbook in Italian. A symposium on fish diseases held
at Turin, Italy, in 1962 has been published by the Office International
des Epizooties (Altara, 1963). English-language reviews and symposia
on selected aspects of fish-disease research, usually including references
to marine diseases, have appeared (Kudo, 1920, 1924, 1933; Sproston,
1946; Nigrelli, 1952a; Oppenheimer and Kesteven, 1953; Snieszko, 1954;
Manter, 1955; Hoffman and Sindermann, 1962, Oppenheimer 1962;
Sindermann, 1963; Post, 1965; Putz et al., 1965; Snieszko et al., 1965).
Texts which include considerations of marine fish diseases and parasites
include: Breed et al. (1957)-bacteria; Johnson and Sparrow (1961)fungi; Kudo (1954)-protozoa; Yamaguti (1958-63)-helminths; Dawes
(1946, 1947) and Skrjabin (1947-62)-trematodes; Wardle and McLeod
(1952)-cestodes; and Yorke and Maplestone (1926)-nematodes.
Johnstone, Kabata, Linton, Nigrelli, Snieszko and Templeman are
among those who have made important contributions to the English
and American literature.
The general plan of this paper is to consider examples of the significant diseases of marine fishes, concentrating sensibly on those that
have received somewhere near adequate scientific attention, and
attempting to include those caused by a wide variety of pathogens and
parasites. I n the necessary process of selection a t least two things
happen : (1) many examples and much literature must be neglected or
not treated in sufficient depth, and (2) a natural tendency arises to
choose examples close a t hand or drawn from the author’s research.
Thus, illustrative material has been taken to a large extent from
studies in the North Atlantic, although comparable material could be
obtained from other geographic areas. Omitted is much of the great
but scattered fund of published information from parasite surveys,
including a large part of the ecological parasitology of the USSR,
which has been effectively summarized by Dogie1 et al. (1958). Many
descriptions of occasional parasites of fishes have not been considered,
even though effects of such parasites may be properly included in the
broad definition of disease used in this paper. The literature cited thus
includes only a small part of the often extensive published information
on any particular parasite group. The references, extensive as they
may seem, represent a too-small sampling of the world literature. This
is particularly true of the older literature, which for groups such as the
Myxosporidea and Microsporidea is voluminous and elaborate. References to some of the early literature have been compiled by McGregor
(1963); access to other early work can be gained through bibliographies
3
Japanese; Davis (1953) published an English language text on culture
and diseases of fresh-water game fishes; and Ghittino (1963a) recently
published a handbook in Italian. A symposium on fish diseases held
at Turin, Italy, in 1962 has been published by the Office International
des Epizooties (Altara, 1963). English-language reviews and symposia
on selected aspects of fish-disease research, usually including references
to marine diseases, have appeared (Kudo, 1920, 1924, 1933; Sproston,
1946; Nigrelli, 1952a; Oppenheimer and Kesteven, 1953; Snieszko, 1954;
Manter, 1955; Hoffman and Sindermann, 1962, Oppenheimer 1962;
Sindermann, 1963; Post, 1965; Putz et al., 1965; Snieszko et al., 1965).
Texts which include considerations of marine fish diseases and parasites
include: Breed et al. (1957)-bacteria; Johnson and Sparrow (1961)fungi; Kudo (1954)-protozoa; Yamaguti (1958-63)-helminths; Dawes
(1946, 1947) and Skrjabin (1947-62)-trematodes; Wardle and McLeod
(1952)-cestodes; and Yorke and Maplestone (1926)-nematodes.
Johnstone, Kabata, Linton, Nigrelli, Snieszko and Templeman are
among those who have made important contributions to the English
and American literature.
The general plan of this paper is to consider examples of the significant diseases of marine fishes, concentrating sensibly on those that
have received somewhere near adequate scientific attention, and
attempting to include those caused by a wide variety of pathogens and
parasites. I n the necessary process of selection a t least two things
happen : (1) many examples and much literature must be neglected or
not treated in sufficient depth, and (2) a natural tendency arises to
choose examples close a t hand or drawn from the author’s research.
Thus, illustrative material has been taken to a large extent from
studies in the North Atlantic, although comparable material could be
obtained from other geographic areas. Omitted is much of the great
but scattered fund of published information from parasite surveys,
including a large part of the ecological parasitology of the USSR,
which has been effectively summarized by Dogie1 et al. (1958). Many
descriptions of occasional parasites of fishes have not been considered,
even though effects of such parasites may be properly included in the
broad definition of disease used in this paper. The literature cited thus
includes only a small part of the often extensive published information
on any particular parasite group. The references, extensive as they
may seem, represent a too-small sampling of the world literature. This
is particularly true of the older literature, which for groups such as the
Myxosporidea and Microsporidea is voluminous and elaborate. References to some of the early literature have been compiled by McGregor
(1963); access to other early work can be gained through bibliographies