64
1. NAYLOR
dioted that there will be a similar rate of increase until 1970, by which
time output capacity will be about 260000 MW, compared with
about 85 000 MW in 1964 (Cairns, 1956). By 1970, therefore, the
United States will be disposing of about 12 600x loe Btu of heat/h,
much of which will be discharged as heated water into natural water
bodies. Cairns (1956) calculates that, assuming a doubling of output
every 16 years, in the United States the total heat output by the end
of the present century would heat the total minimum run-off of 220 000
fts/sec through 60 Centigrade degrees.
Incremed utilization of cooling water in the electricity generating
industry and in other industrial processes suggests that in future the
emphasis will be away from the use of inland waters, as now, towaxda
the utilization of estuarine and marine resources. Evidence of this
shift of emphasis is to be seen in information and predictions which axe
available for the River Thames (Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1961). In the 1960’s 1000 million gallons ofwater were taken from
the Thames each day and heated through 7-8 Centigrade degrees, thus
raising the temperature of water at London Bridge by about 4 Centigrade degrees above normal, and at a point 26 miles downstream by
rather less than 1 Centigrade degree above ambient. However, by 1960
the increase of heated effluents lower down the estuary resulted in an
increase of average temperatures to more than 1 Centigrade degree
above ambient at the station 26 miles below London Bridge. By 1967,
at the same station, it is predicted that the temperature differential will
be increased to 1.7 Centigrade degrees, whilst at London Bridge it is
expected that the differential will decrease to less than 2 Centigrade
degress. The siting of nuclear power stations in estuarine and marine
localities also reflects this trend (Balchin, 1958 ; M o d e l d , 1961 ; “Atlas
of Britain and N. Ireland”, 1963) and these stations produce at least
twice the amount of heat generated by conventional power stations of
similar capacity (Ross, 1969), one of 600 MW generating capacity requiring 840 million gal of water each day (Balchin, 1968). More
specifically, the Hunterston Nuclear Generating Station in Scotland was
expected to discharge up to 20 million gallons hourly at about 10 Centigrade degrees above ambient sea temperatures (Scottish Marine
Biological Association, 1961). The possibility of extensive deployment
of nuclear power stat3ons (see Fig. 1) together with possible increased
discharges of other industrial heated effluents, makes it worth while to
consider effects which these effluents might have upon communities of
marine organisms by collating such literature as is already available on
the subject.
The precise biologiod effects of heated effluents in masine looctlities
1. NAYLOR
dioted that there will be a similar rate of increase until 1970, by which
time output capacity will be about 260000 MW, compared with
about 85 000 MW in 1964 (Cairns, 1956). By 1970, therefore, the
United States will be disposing of about 12 600x loe Btu of heat/h,
much of which will be discharged as heated water into natural water
bodies. Cairns (1956) calculates that, assuming a doubling of output
every 16 years, in the United States the total heat output by the end
of the present century would heat the total minimum run-off of 220 000
fts/sec through 60 Centigrade degrees.
Incremed utilization of cooling water in the electricity generating
industry and in other industrial processes suggests that in future the
emphasis will be away from the use of inland waters, as now, towaxda
the utilization of estuarine and marine resources. Evidence of this
shift of emphasis is to be seen in information and predictions which axe
available for the River Thames (Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 1961). In the 1960’s 1000 million gallons ofwater were taken from
the Thames each day and heated through 7-8 Centigrade degrees, thus
raising the temperature of water at London Bridge by about 4 Centigrade degrees above normal, and at a point 26 miles downstream by
rather less than 1 Centigrade degree above ambient. However, by 1960
the increase of heated effluents lower down the estuary resulted in an
increase of average temperatures to more than 1 Centigrade degree
above ambient at the station 26 miles below London Bridge. By 1967,
at the same station, it is predicted that the temperature differential will
be increased to 1.7 Centigrade degrees, whilst at London Bridge it is
expected that the differential will decrease to less than 2 Centigrade
degress. The siting of nuclear power stations in estuarine and marine
localities also reflects this trend (Balchin, 1958 ; M o d e l d , 1961 ; “Atlas
of Britain and N. Ireland”, 1963) and these stations produce at least
twice the amount of heat generated by conventional power stations of
similar capacity (Ross, 1969), one of 600 MW generating capacity requiring 840 million gal of water each day (Balchin, 1968). More
specifically, the Hunterston Nuclear Generating Station in Scotland was
expected to discharge up to 20 million gallons hourly at about 10 Centigrade degrees above ambient sea temperatures (Scottish Marine
Biological Association, 1961). The possibility of extensive deployment
of nuclear power stat3ons (see Fig. 1) together with possible increased
discharges of other industrial heated effluents, makes it worth while to
consider effects which these effluents might have upon communities of
marine organisms by collating such literature as is already available on
the subject.
The precise biologiod effects of heated effluents in masine looctlities