Adv. mar. Biol., VOI. 3, 1965, pp. 63-103
EFFECTS OF HEATED EFFLUENTS UPON
MARINE AND ESTUARINE ORGANISMS
E. NAYLOR
Department of Zoology, University College of Swansea, Wales
I. Introduction
. . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. 63
11. A priori Considerations . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. 67
A.
Heat Death
. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67
B.
Metabolism, Growth and Form
. . .. .. .. .. 69
D. Behaviour
..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 72
E. Acclimatization
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 72
111. Observed Effects . . ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 76
A. Elimination of Native Species. . .. .. .. .. .. 76
C.
Reproduction . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . 7 0
B. Effects upon Breeding and General Biology..
.. .. .. 79
C.
Replacement Faunas . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 85
IV. Utilization of Heated Effluents . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. 90
V. Conclusions
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 91
VI. References
..
.. .. .. .. . . . . .. .. 93
I. INTRODUCTION
The largest single industrial use of water is for cooling purposes
(Cairns, 1956) and vast quantities of water heated in this way are discharged into natural bodies of water. Balchin (1958) states that the
electrical supply industry is the biggest user of water, taking upwards
of 15 000 million gallons a day in Britain, and figures are available for
this industry which enable the heating problem to be quantified. It is
known, for instance, that a conventional coal-fired generating station
of 400 megawatt (MW) capacity has to dispose of about 2000 million
British Thermal Units (Btu) of heat per hour (Ross, 1959). This quantity
of heat is sufficient to raise the temperature of a flow of water of 15
million gal/h from 10°C to 15"C, and 15 million gal/h is about twice the
summer rate of flow of the River Thames at Teddington (Ross, 1959).
In total the Central Electricity Generating Board had 22 264 MW
of installed generating capacity in 1956 and it added 1788 MW in 1957.
Such a rate of increase of 7-8% compound would mean a doubling of
the 1956 output capacity by the late 1960's (Ross, 1959), by which
time the heat output by electrical power stations alone in Britain
would be about 2225x 108 Btu/h. In the United States too, it is pre63
EFFECTS OF HEATED EFFLUENTS UPON
MARINE AND ESTUARINE ORGANISMS
E. NAYLOR
Department of Zoology, University College of Swansea, Wales
I. Introduction
. . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. 63
11. A priori Considerations . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. 67
A.
Heat Death
. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67
B.
Metabolism, Growth and Form
. . .. .. .. .. 69
D. Behaviour
..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 72
E. Acclimatization
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 72
111. Observed Effects . . ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 76
A. Elimination of Native Species. . .. .. .. .. .. 76
C.
Reproduction . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . 7 0
B. Effects upon Breeding and General Biology..
.. .. .. 79
C.
Replacement Faunas . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 85
IV. Utilization of Heated Effluents . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. 90
V. Conclusions
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 91
VI. References
..
.. .. .. .. . . . . .. .. 93
I. INTRODUCTION
The largest single industrial use of water is for cooling purposes
(Cairns, 1956) and vast quantities of water heated in this way are discharged into natural bodies of water. Balchin (1958) states that the
electrical supply industry is the biggest user of water, taking upwards
of 15 000 million gallons a day in Britain, and figures are available for
this industry which enable the heating problem to be quantified. It is
known, for instance, that a conventional coal-fired generating station
of 400 megawatt (MW) capacity has to dispose of about 2000 million
British Thermal Units (Btu) of heat per hour (Ross, 1959). This quantity
of heat is sufficient to raise the temperature of a flow of water of 15
million gal/h from 10°C to 15"C, and 15 million gal/h is about twice the
summer rate of flow of the River Thames at Teddington (Ross, 1959).
In total the Central Electricity Generating Board had 22 264 MW
of installed generating capacity in 1956 and it added 1788 MW in 1957.
Such a rate of increase of 7-8% compound would mean a doubling of
the 1956 output capacity by the late 1960's (Ross, 1959), by which
time the heat output by electrical power stations alone in Britain
would be about 2225x 108 Btu/h. In the United States too, it is pre63