Adv . mar . Biol., VOI . 2. 1904. pp . 171-260
METHODS OF SAMPLING THE BENTHOS
N . A . HOLME
Marine Biolcgical Association. Plymouth. England
I .
11 .
I11 .
IV .
V .
VI .
VII .
VIII .
I S .
X .
XI .
XI1 .
XI11 .
XIV .
xv .
XVI .
Irltrcxitiction
. . . .
. . . .
..
Tho HiRtory of ~~OlithOR Invwl igntions
. .
I%oLlorii Ihpoaits and Their Zl’niiim . . ..
Ilonthos-tmmpling Tochniqaos . . . . . .
A . Dredging
. . . . . . . .
13 . Trawling
. .
. . . . ..
E . Diving . . .. . . . . ..
Choice of a Sampler
. . . . . . ..
A . Sampling the Epifaiina
. . ..
C .
D .
Grabs and Other Quantitative Samplers
Underwater Photography and Television
Tho Sampling Abilities of Bottom-sampling Gcar
R . Sampling tlie Shallow-burrowing Fauna
C . Sampling the Deep-burrewing Fauna
D . Samplers for Special Purposes
. .
A . Drodging
. . . . . . . .
Working Sampling Gear at S0a
B Grab sampling
..
Sampling iindor tho Ice
. . . . ..
Ancillary Gear . .
.. . . . . ..
A . Position-finding
. . . . ..
J3 . Echo-sounding . . . . . . . .
D . Piiigers . . .. . . . . ..
Trorrtmont of Sarnples on norirtl Ship
A . Sieving . . .. . . . . ..
J3 Sortiiig Tocliniqucs
..
Sedimont Analysis
. .
. . . . ..
Estimation of Standing Crop . . . . . .
Statistics
.. . . . . . . ..
Conclusion
. . .. . . . . ..
Acknowleclgmei~ts
. . . . . . ..
References
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C . Aatlic . . . . . . . . ..
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I . INTRODUCTION
Much of tlie early scientific exploration of the sea was by dredging.
and in tracing the course of these studies me see the very beginnings
of marine biology as a science . Since these earIy days there have been
many developments in the technique of sampling the benthos. but
some of the instruments still used today differ only in detail from those
employed by the early naturalists . In this review we shall briefly
171
METHODS OF SAMPLING THE BENTHOS
N . A . HOLME
Marine Biolcgical Association. Plymouth. England
I .
11 .
I11 .
IV .
V .
VI .
VII .
VIII .
I S .
X .
XI .
XI1 .
XI11 .
XIV .
xv .
XVI .
Irltrcxitiction
. . . .
. . . .
..
Tho HiRtory of ~~OlithOR Invwl igntions
. .
I%oLlorii Ihpoaits and Their Zl’niiim . . ..
Ilonthos-tmmpling Tochniqaos . . . . . .
A . Dredging
. . . . . . . .
13 . Trawling
. .
. . . . ..
E . Diving . . .. . . . . ..
Choice of a Sampler
. . . . . . ..
A . Sampling the Epifaiina
. . ..
C .
D .
Grabs and Other Quantitative Samplers
Underwater Photography and Television
Tho Sampling Abilities of Bottom-sampling Gcar
R . Sampling tlie Shallow-burrowing Fauna
C . Sampling the Deep-burrewing Fauna
D . Samplers for Special Purposes
. .
A . Drodging
. . . . . . . .
Working Sampling Gear at S0a
B Grab sampling
..
Sampling iindor tho Ice
. . . . ..
Ancillary Gear . .
.. . . . . ..
A . Position-finding
. . . . ..
J3 . Echo-sounding . . . . . . . .
D . Piiigers . . .. . . . . ..
Trorrtmont of Sarnples on norirtl Ship
A . Sieving . . .. . . . . ..
J3 Sortiiig Tocliniqucs
..
Sedimont Analysis
. .
. . . . ..
Estimation of Standing Crop . . . . . .
Statistics
.. . . . . . . ..
Conclusion
. . .. . . . . ..
Acknowleclgmei~ts
. . . . . . ..
References
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
.
. . . . . .
C . Aatlic . . . . . . . . ..
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.. 171
.. 172
.. 173
.. 178
.. 181
.. 189
.. 191
.. 209
.. 211
.. 212
.. 216
.. 217
.. 217
.. 218
.. 218
.. 223
.. 223
.. 225
.. 227
.. 228
.. 229
.. 229
.. 229
.. 230
.. 230
.. 235
.. 237
.. 238
.. 240
.. 242
.. 251
.. 251
.. 252
I . INTRODUCTION
Much of tlie early scientific exploration of the sea was by dredging.
and in tracing the course of these studies me see the very beginnings
of marine biology as a science . Since these earIy days there have been
many developments in the technique of sampling the benthos. but
some of the instruments still used today differ only in detail from those
employed by the early naturalists . In this review we shall briefly
171