THE BLOOD GROUPS O F MARINE ANIMALS
99
frequency of Ju2-positive erythrocytes in the Peruvian sample could
rtt least in part be attributed to post-mortem type change of cells.
In contrast, the failure to observe type changes in Antarctio
samples could be comlated with their having been taken under
favorable circumstances and led to the conclusion that these samples
are representative of the erythrocyte phenotypes of living animals.
A similar conclusion was drawn concerning finback whales, where again
no type changes have been observed in many hundreds of samples
that have been typed.
Fujino (1960) has reported the extraction from sperm whale stomach
of an inhibitor of antibodies specific for human type B cells, and that
there appears to be variation suggestive of a secretor non-secretor
relationship among individual whales with respect to this antigen.
As already noted, isoagglutinins for the Ju2 antigens are to be
found in fresh whale serums and are easily recovered following dialysis
of frozen samples. These also can be heterospecific with respect to
their Ju2 reactivity (Cushing and Calaprice, N. L., unpubl. data). In
addition, agglutinins for unrelated species occur, notably ones for the
human A and B antigens. The relations of these antibodies to the
Ju system have not yet been studied systematically (Fujino, 1960).
The serum of the spiny lobster (Panulirms intewwptw Randall) has
the property of agglutinating some, but not all, Ju2-positive whale
erythrocytes and may eventually prove to be a useful sub-typing
reagent (Cushing et al., 1963b). While noting that no significant
relation exists between the J u blood types and sex, Fujino (1962)
established that pregnancies were significantly less in Ju2-negative
finback and pygmy-blue females than in Ju2-positive ones. He notes
that as J u l females possess lytic isoantibodies for Ju2 cells, there is
a possibility that a matenal-fetal incompatibility is involved. This
possibility has been given further and more detailed consideration
by Fujino (1963) particularly with respect to the assumption of compensatory mechanisms for intra-uterine selection and an estimate of
the rate of incidence of the selection involved. While further research
will be necessary to establish the possibilities considered, the discovery
of the phenomenon presents a new and intriguing area for investigation.
of relevant interest is Fujino's observation (Cushing d d., 1963a) of
what appeared to be erythrocyte mosaicism in o sperm whale.
A new technique that has potential usefulness in the large-scale
Collection of samples was demonstrated when it was found that samples
of blue-white dolphin whole blood could be typed with 1811 labelled
atibody after they had been dried on filter paper strips (Fujino and
Gushing, 1969).
99
frequency of Ju2-positive erythrocytes in the Peruvian sample could
rtt least in part be attributed to post-mortem type change of cells.
In contrast, the failure to observe type changes in Antarctio
samples could be comlated with their having been taken under
favorable circumstances and led to the conclusion that these samples
are representative of the erythrocyte phenotypes of living animals.
A similar conclusion was drawn concerning finback whales, where again
no type changes have been observed in many hundreds of samples
that have been typed.
Fujino (1960) has reported the extraction from sperm whale stomach
of an inhibitor of antibodies specific for human type B cells, and that
there appears to be variation suggestive of a secretor non-secretor
relationship among individual whales with respect to this antigen.
As already noted, isoagglutinins for the Ju2 antigens are to be
found in fresh whale serums and are easily recovered following dialysis
of frozen samples. These also can be heterospecific with respect to
their Ju2 reactivity (Cushing and Calaprice, N. L., unpubl. data). In
addition, agglutinins for unrelated species occur, notably ones for the
human A and B antigens. The relations of these antibodies to the
Ju system have not yet been studied systematically (Fujino, 1960).
The serum of the spiny lobster (Panulirms intewwptw Randall) has
the property of agglutinating some, but not all, Ju2-positive whale
erythrocytes and may eventually prove to be a useful sub-typing
reagent (Cushing et al., 1963b). While noting that no significant
relation exists between the J u blood types and sex, Fujino (1962)
established that pregnancies were significantly less in Ju2-negative
finback and pygmy-blue females than in Ju2-positive ones. He notes
that as J u l females possess lytic isoantibodies for Ju2 cells, there is
a possibility that a matenal-fetal incompatibility is involved. This
possibility has been given further and more detailed consideration
by Fujino (1963) particularly with respect to the assumption of compensatory mechanisms for intra-uterine selection and an estimate of
the rate of incidence of the selection involved. While further research
will be necessary to establish the possibilities considered, the discovery
of the phenomenon presents a new and intriguing area for investigation.
of relevant interest is Fujino's observation (Cushing d d., 1963a) of
what appeared to be erythrocyte mosaicism in o sperm whale.
A new technique that has potential usefulness in the large-scale
Collection of samples was demonstrated when it was found that samples
of blue-white dolphin whole blood could be typed with 1811 labelled
atibody after they had been dried on filter paper strips (Fujino and
Gushing, 1969).