136
B. STONEHOUSE
isotherm, the Falkland Islands, Marion and Prince Edward Islands, Iles
Crozet, and the so-called “Sub-Antarctic” islands of New Zealand -
Snares, Bounty, Antipodes, Auckland, Campbell and Macquarie Islands.
Sub-Antarctic is reserved for islands which lie between the Antarctic
convergence and the northern limit of pack ice - South Georgia,
Kerguelen and Heard Islands. Antarctic covers the coasts of the southern
continent, the Antarctic Peninsula, the South Sandwich Islands, the
South Orkney and South Shetland groups, Bouvetaya, Peter I Oy, Scott
Island and the Balleny Islands. The northern islands of the South
Sandwich chain probably lie outside the northern limit of pack ice and
may be sub-Antarctic rather than Antarctic in affinities.
The term breeding range covers the geographical range within which
a species is known to breed regularly. Breeding area describes an island
or stretch of coast where penguins breed, and breeding station is a colony
or nest site area.
Like all other birds, penguins maintain a constant deep-body or core
temperature by balancing heat gain (from metabolic thermogenesis)
against losses of heat to the environment. Rates of thermogenesis vary
between wide limits according to activity level and heat requirements.
Rates of heat loss vary with the conductivity of body tissues (especially
sub-dermal fat) and of plumage, and also with the temperature gradient
between body surface and environment. Thus heat balance depends on
both environmental and morphological factors, which are discussed
separately in sections I1 and 111.
11. THE ENVIRONMENT
A. S P E C I E S DISTRIBUTION AND NUMBERS
1. Distribution of Species
and Fig. 6 shows the distribution of species by latitude.
Genus Spheniscus (Fig. 2)
Galapagospenguins breed in small numbers on the islands of Albemarle
and Narborough in the Galapagos archipelago and are virtually unknown elsewhere. Humboldt or Peruvian penguins breed on islands off
the Peruvian and Chilean coasts. Blackfooted or Cape penguins occupy
a similar habitat off the south-western coast of Africa, and MageZlan.ic
or Jackass penguins breed on the cooler coasts of southern Chile, Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, Staten Island and the Falkland Islands.
Genus Eudyptula (Fig. 3)
Little Blue or Fairy penguins occupy a similar range of habitats in
sub-tropical Australia and both islands of New Zealsnd. Northern Blue
Figs. 2 to 5 illustrate the geographical distribution of the penguins,
B. STONEHOUSE
isotherm, the Falkland Islands, Marion and Prince Edward Islands, Iles
Crozet, and the so-called “Sub-Antarctic” islands of New Zealand -
Snares, Bounty, Antipodes, Auckland, Campbell and Macquarie Islands.
Sub-Antarctic is reserved for islands which lie between the Antarctic
convergence and the northern limit of pack ice - South Georgia,
Kerguelen and Heard Islands. Antarctic covers the coasts of the southern
continent, the Antarctic Peninsula, the South Sandwich Islands, the
South Orkney and South Shetland groups, Bouvetaya, Peter I Oy, Scott
Island and the Balleny Islands. The northern islands of the South
Sandwich chain probably lie outside the northern limit of pack ice and
may be sub-Antarctic rather than Antarctic in affinities.
The term breeding range covers the geographical range within which
a species is known to breed regularly. Breeding area describes an island
or stretch of coast where penguins breed, and breeding station is a colony
or nest site area.
Like all other birds, penguins maintain a constant deep-body or core
temperature by balancing heat gain (from metabolic thermogenesis)
against losses of heat to the environment. Rates of thermogenesis vary
between wide limits according to activity level and heat requirements.
Rates of heat loss vary with the conductivity of body tissues (especially
sub-dermal fat) and of plumage, and also with the temperature gradient
between body surface and environment. Thus heat balance depends on
both environmental and morphological factors, which are discussed
separately in sections I1 and 111.
11. THE ENVIRONMENT
A. S P E C I E S DISTRIBUTION AND NUMBERS
1. Distribution of Species
and Fig. 6 shows the distribution of species by latitude.
Genus Spheniscus (Fig. 2)
Galapagospenguins breed in small numbers on the islands of Albemarle
and Narborough in the Galapagos archipelago and are virtually unknown elsewhere. Humboldt or Peruvian penguins breed on islands off
the Peruvian and Chilean coasts. Blackfooted or Cape penguins occupy
a similar habitat off the south-western coast of Africa, and MageZlan.ic
or Jackass penguins breed on the cooler coasts of southern Chile, Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, Staten Island and the Falkland Islands.
Genus Eudyptula (Fig. 3)
Little Blue or Fairy penguins occupy a similar range of habitats in
sub-tropical Australia and both islands of New Zealsnd. Northern Blue
Figs. 2 to 5 illustrate the geographical distribution of the penguins,