2. THERMODYNAMICS OF LIVING SYSTEMS
73
centration, etc. In order to arrive at a value of AV, it is desirable to
raise the temperature to some point well above the normal optimum,
where K x is large compared with 1. Here intensity of luminescence is
modified by the influence of pressure on both AV
X and AV, and measurements of the relation between luminescence intensity and pressure yield
the difference of these constants. As a rule, it might be expected that
AV* will be smaller than AV, just as the energy and entropy of activation of the enzyme-catalyzed rate process are likely to be much smaller
than the heat and entropy of reaction for the reversible denaturation of
the protein. For this reason, the process as a whole may be expected to
have an optimal pressure, as well as an optimal temperature.
References
1. L. von Bertalannfy, Science 111, 23 (1950).
la. H. Driesch, "The Science and Philosophy of the Organism." Black, London,
1929.
2. G. N. Lewis and M. Randall, "Thermodynamics." McGraw-Hill, New York,
1923.
S. E. Schrödinger, "What is Life?" Cambridge Univ. Press, London and New
York, 1945.
4. N. Wiener, "Cybernetics." Wiley, New York, 1948.
5. E. S. West, "Textbook of Biophysical Chemistry," 2nd ed. Macmillan, New
York, 1956.
6. H. A. Krebs and H. L. Kornberg, Ergeh. Physiol 49, 212 (1957).
7. C. van Niel, Advances in Enzymol. 1, 263 (1941).
8. J. A. Bassham and M. Calvin, "The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis." Prentice-Hall, New York, 1957.
9. P. Oesper, Arch. Biochem. 27, 255 (1950).
10. T. de Donder and P. van Rysselberge, "Affinity." Stanford University Press,
Stanford, California, 1936.
11. I. Prigogine, "Introduction to Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes." C.
C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1955.
12. L. Onsager, Phys. Rev. 37, 405 (1930).
13. C. Eckart, Phys. Rev. 58, 269 (1940).
14. H. B. C. Casimir, Revs. Modern Phys. 17, 343 (1945).
15. H. B. Callen, Phys. Rev. 73, 1347 (1948).
16. R. T. Cox, Revs. Modern Phys. 22, 238 (1950).
17. R. B. Parlin, R. J. Marcus, and H. Eyring, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. U. S. 41, 900
(1955).
18. S. Glasstone, K. Laidler, and H. Eyring, "The Theory of Rate Processes."
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941.
19. C. J. Giddings and H. Eyring, /. Phys. Chem. 62, 305 (1957).
20. B. J. Zwolinski, H. Eyring, and C. Reese, /. Phys.
21. H. Eyring and R. Parlin, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei. 65, 679 (1957).
22. F. H. Johnson, H. Eyring, and M. J. Polissar, "The Kinetic Basis of Molecular
Biology." Wiley, New York, 1954.
73
centration, etc. In order to arrive at a value of AV, it is desirable to
raise the temperature to some point well above the normal optimum,
where K x is large compared with 1. Here intensity of luminescence is
modified by the influence of pressure on both AV
X and AV, and measurements of the relation between luminescence intensity and pressure yield
the difference of these constants. As a rule, it might be expected that
AV* will be smaller than AV, just as the energy and entropy of activation of the enzyme-catalyzed rate process are likely to be much smaller
than the heat and entropy of reaction for the reversible denaturation of
the protein. For this reason, the process as a whole may be expected to
have an optimal pressure, as well as an optimal temperature.
References
1. L. von Bertalannfy, Science 111, 23 (1950).
la. H. Driesch, "The Science and Philosophy of the Organism." Black, London,
1929.
2. G. N. Lewis and M. Randall, "Thermodynamics." McGraw-Hill, New York,
1923.
S. E. Schrödinger, "What is Life?" Cambridge Univ. Press, London and New
York, 1945.
4. N. Wiener, "Cybernetics." Wiley, New York, 1948.
5. E. S. West, "Textbook of Biophysical Chemistry," 2nd ed. Macmillan, New
York, 1956.
6. H. A. Krebs and H. L. Kornberg, Ergeh. Physiol 49, 212 (1957).
7. C. van Niel, Advances in Enzymol. 1, 263 (1941).
8. J. A. Bassham and M. Calvin, "The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis." Prentice-Hall, New York, 1957.
9. P. Oesper, Arch. Biochem. 27, 255 (1950).
10. T. de Donder and P. van Rysselberge, "Affinity." Stanford University Press,
Stanford, California, 1936.
11. I. Prigogine, "Introduction to Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes." C.
C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1955.
12. L. Onsager, Phys. Rev. 37, 405 (1930).
13. C. Eckart, Phys. Rev. 58, 269 (1940).
14. H. B. C. Casimir, Revs. Modern Phys. 17, 343 (1945).
15. H. B. Callen, Phys. Rev. 73, 1347 (1948).
16. R. T. Cox, Revs. Modern Phys. 22, 238 (1950).
17. R. B. Parlin, R. J. Marcus, and H. Eyring, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. U. S. 41, 900
(1955).
18. S. Glasstone, K. Laidler, and H. Eyring, "The Theory of Rate Processes."
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941.
19. C. J. Giddings and H. Eyring, /. Phys. Chem. 62, 305 (1957).
20. B. J. Zwolinski, H. Eyring, and C. Reese, /. Phys.
21. H. Eyring and R. Parlin, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei. 65, 679 (1957).
22. F. H. Johnson, H. Eyring, and M. J. Polissar, "The Kinetic Basis of Molecular
Biology." Wiley, New York, 1954.