EXPERIMENTAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE AORTIC ARCHES
AND THE HEART LOOP IN CHICK EMBRYOS
Z. R Y C H T E R
Department of Anatomy, Charles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia
I. Methods Relating to the Problem of Local Intervention
333
II. Experimental Morphology of the Aortic Arches
336
A. Suppression of One Aortic Arch
337
B. Simultaneous Suppression of Two or Three Aortic Arches
339
C. Simultaneous Suppression of Four or Five Aortic Arches
347
D. Some Vascular Anomalies Resulting from Experiments on Aortic Arches
348
E. Position of the Recurrent Nerve in Various Aortic Arch Patterns
354
III. Experimental Morphology of the Heart Loop
355
A. Conditions Governing the Form and Location of Ventricular Septal Defects 355
B. Experimental Heart Ectopia
357
C. Haemodynamic Effects of Suppressing Development of the Atrium and
their Morphogenetic Significance
358
D. Transposition of the Aorta into the Right Ventricle
360
E. Influence of the Blood Stream on the Proximal Bulbar Cushions
362
IV. Simultaneous Experiments on the Heart Loop and Aortic Arches
364
A. Relation of the Incumbent and Transposed Aorta
364
B. Dependence of the Critical Period on Experimental Procedure
365
V. Theory of the Teratogenetic Meaning of Local Damage to the Heart Loop and
AorticArch.es
367
References
369
I. Methods Relating to the Problem of Local Intervention
Since the end of World War II there has been a considerable increase
in the number of publications concerned with experimental malformations of the cardiovascular system, especially in mammals and birds.
This is apparent from the reviews of Gruenwald (1947), Fox and Goss
(1956), Nelson (1957) and Wilson (1957). In early developmental stages
malformations of the aortic archesf and the heart loop have been
produced experimentally in mammalian and avian embryos by various
means but in no case was the action specific to the arterial system. The
methods include avitaminosis (e.g. Wilson and Warkany, 1949; Giroud,
1954), azo dyes (e.g., Wilson, 1955), anoxia (Ingalls et ah, 1952; Schellt As used in this paper the term 'aortic arch' designates a developing vessel inside
branchial arches, which is later transformed e.g. into a carotid artery. The term 'arcus
aortae' in contrast designates the persistent aortic arch after the 7th day of incubation,
when the transformations of the aortic arch pattern are already finished (the 'arcus
aortae' may develop from any left ventricular aortic arch).
333
AND THE HEART LOOP IN CHICK EMBRYOS
Z. R Y C H T E R
Department of Anatomy, Charles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia
I. Methods Relating to the Problem of Local Intervention
333
II. Experimental Morphology of the Aortic Arches
336
A. Suppression of One Aortic Arch
337
B. Simultaneous Suppression of Two or Three Aortic Arches
339
C. Simultaneous Suppression of Four or Five Aortic Arches
347
D. Some Vascular Anomalies Resulting from Experiments on Aortic Arches
348
E. Position of the Recurrent Nerve in Various Aortic Arch Patterns
354
III. Experimental Morphology of the Heart Loop
355
A. Conditions Governing the Form and Location of Ventricular Septal Defects 355
B. Experimental Heart Ectopia
357
C. Haemodynamic Effects of Suppressing Development of the Atrium and
their Morphogenetic Significance
358
D. Transposition of the Aorta into the Right Ventricle
360
E. Influence of the Blood Stream on the Proximal Bulbar Cushions
362
IV. Simultaneous Experiments on the Heart Loop and Aortic Arches
364
A. Relation of the Incumbent and Transposed Aorta
364
B. Dependence of the Critical Period on Experimental Procedure
365
V. Theory of the Teratogenetic Meaning of Local Damage to the Heart Loop and
AorticArch.es
367
References
369
I. Methods Relating to the Problem of Local Intervention
Since the end of World War II there has been a considerable increase
in the number of publications concerned with experimental malformations of the cardiovascular system, especially in mammals and birds.
This is apparent from the reviews of Gruenwald (1947), Fox and Goss
(1956), Nelson (1957) and Wilson (1957). In early developmental stages
malformations of the aortic archesf and the heart loop have been
produced experimentally in mammalian and avian embryos by various
means but in no case was the action specific to the arterial system. The
methods include avitaminosis (e.g. Wilson and Warkany, 1949; Giroud,
1954), azo dyes (e.g., Wilson, 1955), anoxia (Ingalls et ah, 1952; Schellt As used in this paper the term 'aortic arch' designates a developing vessel inside
branchial arches, which is later transformed e.g. into a carotid artery. The term 'arcus
aortae' in contrast designates the persistent aortic arch after the 7th day of incubation,
when the transformations of the aortic arch pattern are already finished (the 'arcus
aortae' may develop from any left ventricular aortic arch).
333