CHAPTER 7
Carbohydrate and Energy Metabolism
J O H N P A U L
Department of Biochemistry, The University, Glasgow, Scotland
I. Introduction
239
II. Energy Relationships in Growing and Stationary Cells
240
A. Mechanical work
240
B. Biosynthetic processes
240
III. Energy-yielding Reactions
244
A. Utilization of carbohydrate
244
B. Do cultured cells have a characteristic metabolic pattern?
250
IV. Relationships between Energy Metabolism and Other Functions
254
A. General metabolic state and metabolic pattern
254
B. Dependence of specific metabolic functions on specific energy pathways
254
V. Influence of Environmental Factors
258
A. General environmental factors
258
B. Regulating mechanisms
262
V I . Stable Differences among Cells
266
A. Characteristics of cell strains
266
B. Glycolysis in "normal" and "malignant" cells
267
References
268
I. I N T R O D U C T I O N
It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the common pathways of
carbohydrate metabolism or has ready access to a textbook with this
information. Discussion is therefore confined to matters which have
special relevance to cultured cells and to studies performed with tissue
cultures which throw light on carbohydrate and energy metabolism in
general. Certain questions are of particular interest in relation to tissue
culture studies and are, therefore, specially considered. These are as
follows. 1. Which of the known energy-producing pathways are active
in cultured cells and which are absent? 2. Is there a characteristic
pattern of carbohydrate and energy metabolism in cultured cells and
does this relate in any way to "dedifferentiation"? 3. D o tissue culture
methods provide any information concerning changing patterns of
metabolism in different metabolic states of the cell? 4. Is there any
evidence that specific functions depend on special energy-yielding
Carbohydrate and Energy Metabolism
J O H N P A U L
Department of Biochemistry, The University, Glasgow, Scotland
I. Introduction
239
II. Energy Relationships in Growing and Stationary Cells
240
A. Mechanical work
240
B. Biosynthetic processes
240
III. Energy-yielding Reactions
244
A. Utilization of carbohydrate
244
B. Do cultured cells have a characteristic metabolic pattern?
250
IV. Relationships between Energy Metabolism and Other Functions
254
A. General metabolic state and metabolic pattern
254
B. Dependence of specific metabolic functions on specific energy pathways
254
V. Influence of Environmental Factors
258
A. General environmental factors
258
B. Regulating mechanisms
262
V I . Stable Differences among Cells
266
A. Characteristics of cell strains
266
B. Glycolysis in "normal" and "malignant" cells
267
References
268
I. I N T R O D U C T I O N
It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the common pathways of
carbohydrate metabolism or has ready access to a textbook with this
information. Discussion is therefore confined to matters which have
special relevance to cultured cells and to studies performed with tissue
cultures which throw light on carbohydrate and energy metabolism in
general. Certain questions are of particular interest in relation to tissue
culture studies and are, therefore, specially considered. These are as
follows. 1. Which of the known energy-producing pathways are active
in cultured cells and which are absent? 2. Is there a characteristic
pattern of carbohydrate and energy metabolism in cultured cells and
does this relate in any way to "dedifferentiation"? 3. D o tissue culture
methods provide any information concerning changing patterns of
metabolism in different metabolic states of the cell? 4. Is there any
evidence that specific functions depend on special energy-yielding