Figure 13 The relationship
between relative grain yield
of Spring wheat and ozone
exposure expressed as an
AOT40 index grown in
field experiments at a
range of locations across
Europe
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
7-hour day
-1 SO 2 µg m
-3
% yield of clean air
Oilseed rape
Bean
Tomato
Carrot
Soybean
Cotton
Barley
Wheat
Rice
Figure 14 Percentage
yields of crop plants
exposed to different
concentrations of SO
in
comparison with plants in
clean air. % yield of clean
air : yield of plant
exposed to SO
/yield of
plant in clean air (drawn
from data in ref. 64)
relationships, air quality guidelines are frequently used to assess whether
pollutant concentrations are damaging to human health.
For corrosion of materials, Kucera et al. have developed methods to estimate
the degree of corrosion to cities and estimate the economic consequences of
pollution increases or reductions. Essentially they divided cities into pollution
strata based upon SO
concentrations. In each stratum, an inventory of stock at
risk is made and linked to estimated change in service life based upon
V. Kucera, J. Henriksen, D. Knotkova and C. Sjo¨ stro¨ m, Model for calculations of corrosion costs
caused by air pollution and its applications in three cities, Proceedings 10th European Corrosion
Congress, Barcelona, Swedish Corrosion Institute, Stockholm, 1997.
M. R. Ashmore and R. B. Wilson, Critical Levels of Air Pollutants for Europe, Department of the
Environment, London, 1993.
J. C. I. Kuylenstierna, W. K. Hicks and M. J. Chadwick
42
between relative grain yield
of Spring wheat and ozone
exposure expressed as an
AOT40 index grown in
field experiments at a
range of locations across
Europe
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
7-hour day
-1 SO 2 µg m
-3
% yield of clean air
Oilseed rape
Bean
Tomato
Carrot
Soybean
Cotton
Barley
Wheat
Rice
Figure 14 Percentage
yields of crop plants
exposed to different
concentrations of SO
in
comparison with plants in
clean air. % yield of clean
air : yield of plant
exposed to SO
/yield of
plant in clean air (drawn
from data in ref. 64)
relationships, air quality guidelines are frequently used to assess whether
pollutant concentrations are damaging to human health.
For corrosion of materials, Kucera et al. have developed methods to estimate
the degree of corrosion to cities and estimate the economic consequences of
pollution increases or reductions. Essentially they divided cities into pollution
strata based upon SO
concentrations. In each stratum, an inventory of stock at
risk is made and linked to estimated change in service life based upon
V. Kucera, J. Henriksen, D. Knotkova and C. Sjo¨ stro¨ m, Model for calculations of corrosion costs
caused by air pollution and its applications in three cities, Proceedings 10th European Corrosion
Congress, Barcelona, Swedish Corrosion Institute, Stockholm, 1997.
M. R. Ashmore and R. B. Wilson, Critical Levels of Air Pollutants for Europe, Department of the
Environment, London, 1993.
J. C. I. Kuylenstierna, W. K. Hicks and M. J. Chadwick
42