545
A
Aa flow, 96
Ablation, 268
Abrasion, 223, 269, 298, 313
Abyssal plains, 26, 399–400
Acadian orogeny, 431
Accretion, 428
Accretionary wedge, 398, 426
Acid precipitation, 170
Acre-foot, 242
Active continental margins,
398, 426
Aerosols, 500, 506
influencing climate, 515–516
Aftershocks, 338–339
Agassiz Glacier, 265
Age of Coal Swamps, 448
Age of Fishes, 448
Age of Mammals, 448, 487–488
large mammals and
extinction, 489
marsupial, 488
placental, 488
Age of Reptiles, 448
Age of Trilobites, 448
Aggregate, 39
Alaskan glacier, 270
Albedo, 503
Alfisols, 139
Allosaurus, 486
Alluvial channel, 225
Alluvial fans, 210, 230–232, 294
Alluvium, 224
Alpine glaciers, 263
Alpine-Himalayan belt, 346
Amber, 447
America, making of, 471
Amino acids, 477
Amplitude, 342
Anaerobic bacteria, 512
Andean-type plate margins, 426
Andesite, 67
Andisols, 139
Angle of repose, 202
Angular unconformities, 442
Antarctic ice, hydrologic
importance of, 265
Anthropocene, 457
Anticlines, 418–419
Apatite, uses, 169
Apatosaurus, 484
Appalachians, 430–431
Apparent polar wandering, 382
Aquaculture, 242
Aquifers, 245
confined aquifer, 248
Aquitards, 245–246
Aragonite, 161
Archaeopteryx, 7
Archean, 455
Arctic sea ice, 518
Arêtes, 272–273
Argillaceous rocks, 163
Arid climates, geologic processes
in, 291–293
Aridosols, 139
Arkose, 154
Arrowhead, 159
Artesian wells, 248–249
Artesian springs, 249
hot spring, 249
flowing, 248
nonflowing, 248
Artifacts, 448
Artificial cutoffs, 235
Artificial levees, 234
Asbestos (chrysotile), uses, 169
Assimilation, 79
Asthenosphere, 24, 357, 369, 387
Athabasca Glacier, 268
Atlantic coast, 324, 408
Atmosphere, 13–14, 216
clean dry air, 499
composition, 499
extent of, 501–502
origin, 467–468
oxygen in atmosphere,
467–468
primitive atmosphere, 467
ozone, 500
pressure changes with
height, 501
structure of, 501–502
temperature changes, 501
thermal structure of, 502–505
See also Heating the
atmosphere
water vapor, 500
Atoll, 401
Atomic number, 40, 449
Atoms, 40–44
bonds, 41
electrons, 40
isotopes, 44
neutrons, 40
octet rule, 41–42
protons, 40
Augite, 55
B
Back swamps, 231
Backshore, 310
Backwash, 312
Bajada, 294
Banded iron formations, 467–468
Bankfull stream, 221
Barchan dunes, 300–301
Barchan, 301
Barchanoid dunes, 301–302
Barrier islands, 318–319
Barrier reef, 401
Bars, 226, 230, 317
Basalt, 18, 74–75, 266, 356
Columbia River, 75
Columnar jointing in, 83
fissure eruption, 110
flood, 110
plateaus, 110
Salt River Canyon
(Arizona), 82
Base level streams, 227–228
local or temporary base
levels, 227
ultimate base level, 227
Basin province, 432
Basins, 293–299, 420
Batholiths, 83, 426
Bathymetric techniques, 394–395
Bauxite, 144–145
Baymouth bar, 317
Beach drift, 315
Beach nourishment, 322
Beaches, 310
berms, 310
sand movement on, 313–314
Bed load, 295–296
Bed load, stream, 223
Bedded cherts, 159
Bedding planes, 166
Bedrock channels, 224–225
Beds, 166
Belts, earthquakes, 346–347
Alpine-Himalayan belt, 346
circum-Pacific belt, 346
megathrust, 346
Bentonite, 53
Berms, 310
Biosphere, 14
Biosphere, 216
Biotite, 55
Bird-foot delta, 231
Bituminous coal, 160
Black blizzards, 142
Black rollers, 142
Black shale, 152
Black smokers, 189, 406–407
Block lavas, 96
Blowouts, 297
Blue planet, 12
Body waves, 341
Bowen’ s reaction series, 78
Braided channels, 225–226
Breakwaters, 321
Breccia, 155
Brittle deformation, 416, 421–427
faults, 421–424
See also individual entry
structures formed by, 421–427
Burial metamorphism, 190
Burrows, 447
Byrd Glacier, 266
C
Calcite, uses, 169
Calderas
crater lake-type, 108
formation, 108
Hawaiian-type, 108–109
Rabaul (New Guinea), 119
Yellowstone-type, 109
Index
A
Aa flow, 96
Ablation, 268
Abrasion, 223, 269, 298, 313
Abyssal plains, 26, 399–400
Acadian orogeny, 431
Accretion, 428
Accretionary wedge, 398, 426
Acid precipitation, 170
Acre-foot, 242
Active continental margins,
398, 426
Aerosols, 500, 506
influencing climate, 515–516
Aftershocks, 338–339
Agassiz Glacier, 265
Age of Coal Swamps, 448
Age of Fishes, 448
Age of Mammals, 448, 487–488
large mammals and
extinction, 489
marsupial, 488
placental, 488
Age of Reptiles, 448
Age of Trilobites, 448
Aggregate, 39
Alaskan glacier, 270
Albedo, 503
Alfisols, 139
Allosaurus, 486
Alluvial channel, 225
Alluvial fans, 210, 230–232, 294
Alluvium, 224
Alpine glaciers, 263
Alpine-Himalayan belt, 346
Amber, 447
America, making of, 471
Amino acids, 477
Amplitude, 342
Anaerobic bacteria, 512
Andean-type plate margins, 426
Andesite, 67
Andisols, 139
Angle of repose, 202
Angular unconformities, 442
Antarctic ice, hydrologic
importance of, 265
Anthropocene, 457
Anticlines, 418–419
Apatite, uses, 169
Apatosaurus, 484
Appalachians, 430–431
Apparent polar wandering, 382
Aquaculture, 242
Aquifers, 245
confined aquifer, 248
Aquitards, 245–246
Aragonite, 161
Archaeopteryx, 7
Archean, 455
Arctic sea ice, 518
Arêtes, 272–273
Argillaceous rocks, 163
Arid climates, geologic processes
in, 291–293
Aridosols, 139
Arkose, 154
Arrowhead, 159
Artesian wells, 248–249
Artesian springs, 249
hot spring, 249
flowing, 248
nonflowing, 248
Artifacts, 448
Artificial cutoffs, 235
Artificial levees, 234
Asbestos (chrysotile), uses, 169
Assimilation, 79
Asthenosphere, 24, 357, 369, 387
Athabasca Glacier, 268
Atlantic coast, 324, 408
Atmosphere, 13–14, 216
clean dry air, 499
composition, 499
extent of, 501–502
origin, 467–468
oxygen in atmosphere,
467–468
primitive atmosphere, 467
ozone, 500
pressure changes with
height, 501
structure of, 501–502
temperature changes, 501
thermal structure of, 502–505
See also Heating the
atmosphere
water vapor, 500
Atoll, 401
Atomic number, 40, 449
Atoms, 40–44
bonds, 41
electrons, 40
isotopes, 44
neutrons, 40
octet rule, 41–42
protons, 40
Augite, 55
B
Back swamps, 231
Backshore, 310
Backwash, 312
Bajada, 294
Banded iron formations, 467–468
Bankfull stream, 221
Barchan dunes, 300–301
Barchan, 301
Barchanoid dunes, 301–302
Barrier islands, 318–319
Barrier reef, 401
Bars, 226, 230, 317
Basalt, 18, 74–75, 266, 356
Columbia River, 75
Columnar jointing in, 83
fissure eruption, 110
flood, 110
plateaus, 110
Salt River Canyon
(Arizona), 82
Base level streams, 227–228
local or temporary base
levels, 227
ultimate base level, 227
Basin province, 432
Basins, 293–299, 420
Batholiths, 83, 426
Bathymetric techniques, 394–395
Bauxite, 144–145
Baymouth bar, 317
Beach drift, 315
Beach nourishment, 322
Beaches, 310
berms, 310
sand movement on, 313–314
Bed load, 295–296
Bed load, stream, 223
Bedded cherts, 159
Bedding planes, 166
Bedrock channels, 224–225
Beds, 166
Belts, earthquakes, 346–347
Alpine-Himalayan belt, 346
circum-Pacific belt, 346
megathrust, 346
Bentonite, 53
Berms, 310
Biosphere, 14
Biosphere, 216
Biotite, 55
Bird-foot delta, 231
Bituminous coal, 160
Black blizzards, 142
Black rollers, 142
Black shale, 152
Black smokers, 189, 406–407
Block lavas, 96
Blowouts, 297
Blue planet, 12
Body waves, 341
Bowen’ s reaction series, 78
Braided channels, 225–226
Breakwaters, 321
Breccia, 155
Brittle deformation, 416, 421–427
faults, 421–424
See also individual entry
structures formed by, 421–427
Burial metamorphism, 190
Burrows, 447
Byrd Glacier, 266
C
Calcite, uses, 169
Calderas
crater lake-type, 108
formation, 108
Hawaiian-type, 108–109
Rabaul (New Guinea), 119
Yellowstone-type, 109
Index