Part III Sediment to Rock
7 The Subsurface Environment
7.1 Subsurface Temperatures
7.2 Subsurface Pressures
7.3 Subsurface Fluids
7.3.1 Nonhydrocarbon Gases
7.3.2 Petroleum Fluids
7.3.3 Subsurface Waters
7.4 Fluid Flow in Sedimentary Basins
7.4.1 Meteoric Flow
7.4.2 Compactional Flow
7.4.3 Convective Flow
Selected Bibliography
References
8 Allochthonous Sediments
8.1 Introduction: The Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
8.2 Allochthonous Sediments Classified
8.3 Mudrocks
8.3.1 Sapropelites, Oil Shales, and Oil Source Rocks
8.3.2 Orthoclaystones and Clay Minerals
8.4 Pyroclastic Sediments
8.5 Sandstones
8.5.1 Nomenclature and Classification of Sandstones
8.5.2 Sandstones Described
8.5.3 Diagenesis and Porosity Evolution of Sandstones
8.6 Rudaceous Rocks
8.6.1 Conglomerates
8.6.2 Sedimentary Breccias
Selected Bibliography
References
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Carbonates
9.2.1 Introduction
9 Autochthonous Sediments
9.2.2 Carbonate Minerals
9.2.3 Physical Components of Carbonate Rocks
9.2.4 Nomenclature and Classification
9.2.5 Diagenesis and Porosity Evolution of Limestones
9.2.6 Dolomite
9.2.7 Diagenesis and Porosity Evolution of Carbonates: Summary
9.3 Coal
9.3.1 Introduction
9.3.2 Coal Petrography
9.3.3 Environments of Coal Deposition
9.4 Sedimentary Iron Ores
9.4.1 Oolitic Iron Ores
9.4.2 Pre-Cambrian Banded Ironstone Formations
9.5 Phosphates
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