22
Both total soil carbon and total soil nitrogen values were signifi cantly different
between the canopy and the intercanopy patch (Student’s t -test, P ≤ 0.05). When the
soils from 25-year-old encroached or post-agricultural abandoned communities were
resampled, the differences in total soil carbon and nitrogen disappeared, and there
were no signifi cant differences between the canopy and the intercanopy patch (student’s t -test, P ≥ 0.05). Mean values for total soil carbon were 31 g/kg in the intercanopy and 34 g/kg below the canopy. The approximate mean values for total soil
nitrogen were 3.0 g/kg in the intercanopy gap and the same below the canopy.
References
Archer S (1994) Woody plant encroachment into southwestern grasslands and savannas: rates,
patterns and proximate causes. In: Vavra M, Laycock WA, Pieper RD (eds) Ecological implications of livestock herbivory in the west. Society for Range Management, Denver, pp 13–69
Archer S, Scifres C, Bassham CR, Maggio R (1988) Autogenic succession in a subtropical
savanna: conversion of grassland to thorn woodland. Ecol Monogr 52:111–127
Begon M, Townsend CR, Harper JL (2006) Ecology: from individuals to ecosystems, 4th edn.
Blackwell, Malden, MA
Browning DM, Archer S (2011) Protection from livestock fails to deter shrub proliferation in a
desert landscape with a history of heavy grazing. Ecol Appl 21:1629–1642
Bush JK (2008) Soil nitrogen and carbon after twenty years of riparian forest development. Soil
Sci Soc Am J 72:815–822
Bush JK, Van Auken OW (1986a) Light requirements of Acacia-smallii and Celtis-laevigata in
relation to secondary succession on fl oodplains of South Texas. Am Midl Nat 115:118–122
Bush JK, Van Auken OW (1986b) Changes in nitrogen, carbon, and other surface soil properties
during secondary succession. Soil Sci Soc Am J 50:1597–1601
Bush J, Van Auken OW (1987a) Some demographic and allometric characteristics of Acacia smallii (Mimosaceae) in successional communities. Madrono 34:250–259
Bush JK, Van Auken OW (1987b) Light requirements for growth of Prosopis-glandulosa seedlings. Southwestern Nat 32:469–473
Bush JK, Van Auken OW (1989) Soil resource levels and competition between a woody and herbaceous species. Bull Torrey Bot Club 116:22–30
Bush JK, Van Auken OW (1991) Importance of time of germination and soil depth on growth of
Prosopis-glandulosa (leguminosae) seedlings in the presence of a C-4 grass. Am J Bot
78:1732–1739
Bush JK, Van Auken OW (1995) Woody plant-growth related to planting time and clipping of a
C-4 grass. Ecology 76:1603–1609
Bush JK, Richter FA, Van Auken OW (2006) Two decades of vegetation change on terraces of a
south Texas river. J Torrey Bot Soc 133:280–288
Heitschmidt RK, Struth JW (1991) Grazing management: an ecological perspective. Timberline,
Portland
Jurena PN, Van Auken OW (1998) Woody plant recruitment under canopies of two acacias in a
southwestern Texas shrubland. Southwestern Nat 43:195–203
Lohstroh RJ, Van Auken OW (1987) Comparison of canopy position and other factors on seedling
growth in Acacia Smallii . Texas J Sci 39:233–239
Powell AM (1998) Trees and shrubs of the Trans-Pecos and adjacent areas. University of Texas
Press, Austin
Schlesinger WH, Raikes JA, Hartley AE, Cross AF (1996) On the spatial pattern of soil nutrients
in desert ecosystems. Ecology 77:364–374
4 Woody Legume Community Structure
Both total soil carbon and total soil nitrogen values were signifi cantly different
between the canopy and the intercanopy patch (Student’s t -test, P ≤ 0.05). When the
soils from 25-year-old encroached or post-agricultural abandoned communities were
resampled, the differences in total soil carbon and nitrogen disappeared, and there
were no signifi cant differences between the canopy and the intercanopy patch (student’s t -test, P ≥ 0.05). Mean values for total soil carbon were 31 g/kg in the intercanopy and 34 g/kg below the canopy. The approximate mean values for total soil
nitrogen were 3.0 g/kg in the intercanopy gap and the same below the canopy.
References
Archer S (1994) Woody plant encroachment into southwestern grasslands and savannas: rates,
patterns and proximate causes. In: Vavra M, Laycock WA, Pieper RD (eds) Ecological implications of livestock herbivory in the west. Society for Range Management, Denver, pp 13–69
Archer S, Scifres C, Bassham CR, Maggio R (1988) Autogenic succession in a subtropical
savanna: conversion of grassland to thorn woodland. Ecol Monogr 52:111–127
Begon M, Townsend CR, Harper JL (2006) Ecology: from individuals to ecosystems, 4th edn.
Blackwell, Malden, MA
Browning DM, Archer S (2011) Protection from livestock fails to deter shrub proliferation in a
desert landscape with a history of heavy grazing. Ecol Appl 21:1629–1642
Bush JK (2008) Soil nitrogen and carbon after twenty years of riparian forest development. Soil
Sci Soc Am J 72:815–822
Bush JK, Van Auken OW (1986a) Light requirements of Acacia-smallii and Celtis-laevigata in
relation to secondary succession on fl oodplains of South Texas. Am Midl Nat 115:118–122
Bush JK, Van Auken OW (1986b) Changes in nitrogen, carbon, and other surface soil properties
during secondary succession. Soil Sci Soc Am J 50:1597–1601
Bush J, Van Auken OW (1987a) Some demographic and allometric characteristics of Acacia smallii (Mimosaceae) in successional communities. Madrono 34:250–259
Bush JK, Van Auken OW (1987b) Light requirements for growth of Prosopis-glandulosa seedlings. Southwestern Nat 32:469–473
Bush JK, Van Auken OW (1989) Soil resource levels and competition between a woody and herbaceous species. Bull Torrey Bot Club 116:22–30
Bush JK, Van Auken OW (1991) Importance of time of germination and soil depth on growth of
Prosopis-glandulosa (leguminosae) seedlings in the presence of a C-4 grass. Am J Bot
78:1732–1739
Bush JK, Van Auken OW (1995) Woody plant-growth related to planting time and clipping of a
C-4 grass. Ecology 76:1603–1609
Bush JK, Richter FA, Van Auken OW (2006) Two decades of vegetation change on terraces of a
south Texas river. J Torrey Bot Soc 133:280–288
Heitschmidt RK, Struth JW (1991) Grazing management: an ecological perspective. Timberline,
Portland
Jurena PN, Van Auken OW (1998) Woody plant recruitment under canopies of two acacias in a
southwestern Texas shrubland. Southwestern Nat 43:195–203
Lohstroh RJ, Van Auken OW (1987) Comparison of canopy position and other factors on seedling
growth in Acacia Smallii . Texas J Sci 39:233–239
Powell AM (1998) Trees and shrubs of the Trans-Pecos and adjacent areas. University of Texas
Press, Austin
Schlesinger WH, Raikes JA, Hartley AE, Cross AF (1996) On the spatial pattern of soil nutrients
in desert ecosystems. Ecology 77:364–374
4 Woody Legume Community Structure