5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of figures ………………………………………………………………………………….7
List of tables…………………………………………………………………………………....8
List of abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………...8
List of appendices……………………………………………………………………………...9
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................10
I. LITERATURE REVIEW OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS DRILLING
I.1 FORMATION OF MARINE HYDROCARBON DEPOSITS………………………15
I.2 GLOBAL EVOLUTION OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS DRILLING
1.2.1 Offshore activity around the world.........................................................................16
1.2.2 Offshore activity in the Mediterranean and Algeria................................................18
1.2.3 The regulatory condition for offshore drilling.........................................................20
I.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF OFFSHORE HYDROCARBON DRILLING
I.3.1
Types and structure of offshore platforms..............................................................22
I.3.2.
Drilling operations and well sections....................................................................25
I.3.3.
The drilling fluids and their functions...................................................................27
I.4. ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS AND IMPACTS OF OFFSHORE HYDROCARBON
DRILLING
I.4.1
Accidental risks of drilling in the marine environment.......................................28
I.4.2
Pollution from well drilling and drilling waste………………………………...28
I.4.2.1
Emissions to water and marine sediments.........................................................31
I.4.2.2
Drilling mud discharges and their management................................................32
I.4.3.3
Behaviour of drilling emissions in the marine environment..............................33
I. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND RISKS EVALUATION OF
OFFSHORE DRILLING BY LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
II.1 PRESENTATION OF THE STUDY AREA
II.1.1
Location of the drilling zone..………………………………………………36
II.1.2
Characteristics of Skikda’s coastline………………………………………..36
II.1.2.1
Climate and hydrography……………………………………………….….37
II.1.2.2 Hydrodynamic context and bathymetry……………………………………38
II.1.2.3 Marines fauna and flora…………………………………………………….38
II.1.2.4 Guerbes - Sanhaja - Skikda wetland ecosystems…………………………..40
II.1.2.5 Industrial and urban activities……………………………………………...42
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of figures ………………………………………………………………………………….7
List of tables…………………………………………………………………………………....8
List of abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………...8
List of appendices……………………………………………………………………………...9
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................10
I. LITERATURE REVIEW OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS DRILLING
I.1 FORMATION OF MARINE HYDROCARBON DEPOSITS………………………15
I.2 GLOBAL EVOLUTION OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS DRILLING
1.2.1 Offshore activity around the world.........................................................................16
1.2.2 Offshore activity in the Mediterranean and Algeria................................................18
1.2.3 The regulatory condition for offshore drilling.........................................................20
I.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF OFFSHORE HYDROCARBON DRILLING
I.3.1
Types and structure of offshore platforms..............................................................22
I.3.2.
Drilling operations and well sections....................................................................25
I.3.3.
The drilling fluids and their functions...................................................................27
I.4. ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS AND IMPACTS OF OFFSHORE HYDROCARBON
DRILLING
I.4.1
Accidental risks of drilling in the marine environment.......................................28
I.4.2
Pollution from well drilling and drilling waste………………………………...28
I.4.2.1
Emissions to water and marine sediments.........................................................31
I.4.2.2
Drilling mud discharges and their management................................................32
I.4.3.3
Behaviour of drilling emissions in the marine environment..............................33
I. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND RISKS EVALUATION OF
OFFSHORE DRILLING BY LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
II.1 PRESENTATION OF THE STUDY AREA
II.1.1
Location of the drilling zone..………………………………………………36
II.1.2
Characteristics of Skikda’s coastline………………………………………..36
II.1.2.1
Climate and hydrography……………………………………………….….37
II.1.2.2 Hydrodynamic context and bathymetry……………………………………38
II.1.2.3 Marines fauna and flora…………………………………………………….38
II.1.2.4 Guerbes - Sanhaja - Skikda wetland ecosystems…………………………..40
II.1.2.5 Industrial and urban activities……………………………………………...42